Cohesion & Reference
Part of Level 3 — Intermediate
Inference, implication, complex noun phrases, reference chains, information structure, and the connective tissue that holds a passage together.
Lessons
Inference, Implication & Reading Between the Lines
How to separate what a text explicitly says from what it reasonably implies, and from what you are only guessing — using evidence, hedging language, quantifiers, and attribution to keep every conclusion inside what the text actually supports.
intermediateComplex Noun Phrases — Decoding Stacked Information
How to unpack dense phrases like 'the extent to which...', 'the ability of...', and 'the process by which...' one layer at a time — finding the head noun first and rebuilding everything else around it.
intermediateCohesion, Reference Chains & Lexical Chains
How an author carries one idea across an entire paragraph using pronouns, this/that/these/those, such, synonyms, nominalization, and related vocabulary — and how to trace that chain instead of reading each sentence in isolation.
intermediateCause, Effect, Causation & Complex Logical Relationships
The full vocabulary of cause and result — because, lead to, result in, result from, contribute to, associated with, attributable to — and how to tell when a text is genuinely claiming causation and when it is only describing a relationship.
intermediateInformation Structure — Given/New, Topic, Focus & Emphasis
How an author arranges a sentence so the reader always knows what's already known, what's new, and what deserves special attention — given/new information, topic and comment, cleft sentences, and thematic progression across a paragraph.
intermediate