Vocabulary
216 words indexed automatically from every lesson that introduces it.
accurateadjective
correct and true in every detail (নির্ভুল)
“Even accurate information can be interpreted differently by different people.”
Appears in Lesson 12
acknowledgeverb
to accept or admit that something is true (স্বীকার করা)
“The researchers acknowledge that their sample size was small.”
Appears in Lesson 16
adaptverb
to change your approach to suit new conditions (খাপ খাওয়ানো)
“Employees must adapt to new communication practices.”
Appears in Lesson 19
adoptverb
to start using something, such as a method, idea, or technology (গ্রহণ করা)
“Many companies have adopted digital collaboration tools.”
Appears in Lesson 18
adoptionnoun
the act of starting to use something new, such as a technology or practice (গ্রহণ/অবলম্বন)
“Successful AI adoption involves more than simply purchasing new software.”
Appears in Lesson 23
affectverb
to produce a change in something (প্রভাব ফেলা)
“Stress can affect behavior.”
alternativenoun
one option among two or more possible choices (বিকল্প)
“The report considered several alternatives before reaching a conclusion.”
analyzeverb
to examine something in detail to understand its parts (বিশ্লেষণ করা)
“We analyze the data.”
Appears in Lesson 1
anecdotenoun
a single, informal example or story, generally weaker as evidence than systematic data (একক ঘটনা/কাহিনি)
“One employee's success story is an anecdote, not proof that the policy works for everyone.”
approachnoun
a way of doing or thinking about something (পদ্ধতি/দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি)
“A practical approach solves the problem without wasted effort.”
Appears in Lesson 2
appropriateadjective
suitable or correct for a particular situation (উপযুক্ত)
“Choosing the appropriate technology matters as much as adopting new technology at all.”
Appears in Lesson 19
architecturenoun
the underlying structure of something, not just its surface content (গঠন/স্থাপত্য)
“Reading a paragraph's architecture means seeing its claim, reason, and conclusion, not just its sentences.”
Appears in Lesson 20
argumentnoun
a set of reasons offered to support a conclusion (যুক্তি)
“A relative clause can add detail without weakening the main argument.”
arrangementnoun
a plan or way of organizing something, often used to relabel a situation just described (ব্যবস্থা/আয়োজন)
“This arrangement can provide greater flexibility, but it may also reduce face-to-face interaction.”
Appears in Lesson 23
associateverb
to connect one thing with another in your mind (যুক্ত করা)
“Researchers associate this pattern with a specific cause.”
Appears in Lesson 10
associated withcollocation
to occur together in a pattern, without this alone proving that one causes the other (এর সাথে সম্পর্কযুক্ত)
“Higher stress levels were associated with lower sleep quality.”
Appears in Lesson 21
assumeverb
to accept something as true without proof (ধরে নেওয়া)
“Careful readers notice when a writer simply assumes that something is true.”
Appears in Lesson 4
assumptionnoun
something accepted as true without being proven (অনুমান/ধারণা)
“The experiment was designed to test a common assumption.”
asymmetricaladjective
not balanced or equal on both sides (অসামঞ্জস্যপূর্ণ)
“The paragraph's asymmetrical comparison gave far more evidence to one side than the other.”
Appears in Lesson 27
attemptverb
to try to do something, especially something difficult (চেষ্টা করা)
“Researchers attempted to determine the cause of the pattern.”
Appears in Lesson 14
attentionnoun
careful thought or notice given to something (মনোযোগ)
“Particular attention was given to factors influencing the decision.”
Appears in Lesson 15
attributable toadjective phrase
able to be explained by, or credited to, a particular cause (যে কারণে হয়েছে বলে ধরা যায়)
“The improvement was largely attributable to better training.”
Appears in Lesson 24
attributionnoun
identifying whose claim or statement is being reported, rather than treating it as the author's own view (উৎস নির্দেশ)
“Careful attribution tracking shows that 'critics argue' names the critics' position, not the author's.”
Appears in Lesson 26
availabilitynoun
the state of being able to be obtained or used (প্রাপ্যতা)
“The increased availability of digital communication created new opportunities.”
Appears in Lesson 18
awareadjective
having knowledge of a fact or situation (সচেতন)
“People who are aware of their own biases can make better decisions.”
Appears in Lesson 7
behaviornoun
the way a person acts (আচরণ)
“The study focuses on human behavior.”
benefitverb
to gain an advantage from something (উপকৃত হওয়া)
“Learners benefit from practicing the same pattern in several sentences.”
Appears in Lesson 14
biasnoun
a systematic distortion in how a sample or study is put together, which skews its results (পক্ষপাত/পক্ষপাতিত্ব)
“Surveying only top performers introduces selection bias into the results.”
Appears in Lesson 30
boundarynoun
a limit that marks where one thing ends and another begins (সীমা)
“Digital tools have created opportunities for collaboration across geographical boundaries.”
Appears in Lesson 19
capabilitynoun
the ability to do something, especially something requiring skill (সক্ষমতা)
“Greater technological capability does not always mean better performance.”
capableadjective
having the ability or skill to do something (সক্ষম)
“The participants were capable of recognizing complex patterns.”
Appears in Lesson 14
capacitynoun
the maximum amount something can hold, produce, or handle (ধারণক্ষমতা)
“The terminal's cargo-handling capacity is affected by seasonal congestion.”
Appears in Lesson 22
causeverb
to make something happen (কারণ হওয়া)
“Stress can cause a problem in decision-making.”
Appears in Lesson 8
cautiousadjective
careful to avoid stating more than the evidence supports (সতর্ক)
“A cautious writer says a factor 'may contribute to' an outcome, not that it causes it.”
certaintynoun
the state of being completely sure about something (নিশ্চয়তা)
“Scientific findings are rarely stated with complete certainty.”
Appears in Lesson 17
challengeverb
to question whether something is true or correct (প্রশ্নবিদ্ধ করা)
“The new findings challenge a widely accepted assumption.”
Appears in Lesson 11
changeverb
to become different, or to make something different (পরিবর্তন করা/হওয়া)
“Society has changed considerably over the past few decades.”
Appears in Lesson 5
claimnoun
a statement asserted as true, which may or may not be backed by evidence (দাবি)
“Every claim in the essay is followed by supporting evidence.”
cognitiveadjective
relating to thinking, understanding, and mental processes (চিন্তা-সম্পর্কিত/বৌদ্ধিক)
“Regular exercise may support cognitive performance.”
Appears in Lesson 20
coherencenoun
the logical connection between a text's ideas, separate from its grammatical links (যৌক্তিক ধারাবাহিকতা)
“A paragraph can have strong cohesion without necessarily having clear coherence.”
Appears in Lesson 23
cohesionnoun
the grammatical and lexical links that hold a text's sentences together (সংযুক্তি/সংহতি)
“Pronouns, synonyms, and nominalization all contribute to a paragraph's cohesion.”
Appears in Lesson 23
coincideverb
to happen at the same time as something else, without this alone proving a causal connection (একই সময়ে ঘটা)
“The staffing change coincided with the automation rollout, complicating any simple causal claim.”
Appears in Lesson 29
collaborationnoun
the act of working together with others toward a shared goal (সহযোগিতা)
“Digital tools have created new opportunities for remote collaboration.”
Appears in Lesson 18
commitmentnoun
the degree to which an author is willing to stand behind a claim as true (প্রতিশ্রুতি/দৃঢ়তা)
“'Demonstrates' signals a much stronger commitment than 'appears to.'”
Appears in Lesson 28
communicateverb
to share information or ideas with someone (যোগাযোগ করা)
“Good leaders communicate clearly with their team.”
Appears in Lesson 1
comparativelyadverb
in relation to something else, rather than in an absolute sense (তুলনামূলকভাবে)
“The new platform is comparatively flexible, though this depends on what it's being compared with.”
Appears in Lesson 27
competitivenessnoun
the ability to succeed or perform well against rivals in the same field (প্রতিযোগিতামূলক সক্ষমতা)
“Adapting to new technology has become an important factor in long-term competitiveness.”
Appears in Lesson 22
compressverb
to make something take up less space, or say something in fewer words (সংকুচিত করা)
“A participle lets a writer compress a whole clause into a short phrase.”
Appears in Lesson 15
conceptnoun
a single main idea (ধারণা)
“Every lesson explains one core concept before its examples.”
Appears in Lesson 0
concessionnoun
an author's acknowledgment that an opposing or limiting point has some validity (স্বীকৃতি)
“Although the system is expensive is a concession — the author accepts the cost as real.”
conclusionnoun
a judgment reached after considering evidence (সিদ্ধান্ত/উপসংহার)
“The evidence supports only one reasonable conclusion.”
Appears in Lesson 8
conductverb
to carry out or organize an activity (পরিচালনা করা)
“The team conducted a study across several hospitals.”
Appears in Lesson 11
confidencenoun
a feeling of trust in your own ability to do something (আত্মবিশ্বাস)
“Regular reading gradually builds a learner's confidence.”
Appears in Lesson 14
confirmverb
to state or show that something is definitely true (নিশ্চিত করা)
“A follow-up study confirmed the original finding.”
Appears in Lesson 16
confounding variablenoun phrase
a third factor connected to both a cause and an effect, making it unclear which one is truly responsible (বিভ্রান্তিকর চলক)
“Diet could be a confounding variable in a study linking exercise to better sleep.”
Appears in Lesson 24
congestionnoun
a state of being overcrowded or blocked, slowing normal movement (যানজট/জটলা)
“Seasonal congestion can significantly affect a port's cargo-handling capacity.”
Appears in Lesson 22
consequencenoun
a result or effect of an action (ফলাফল/পরিণতি)
“Before deciding, it helps to consider the consequences.”
considerverb
to think carefully about something (বিবেচনা করা)
“Leaders consider different opinions.”
Appears in Lesson 1
considerableadjective
large in amount or degree (যথেষ্ট/উল্লেখযোগ্য)
“The study required a considerable amount of time.”
Appears in Lesson 9
considerationnoun
careful thought given to something before a decision is made (বিবেচনা)
“Successful integration requires careful consideration of organizational needs.”
Appears in Lesson 18
consistent withcollocation
fitting reasonably well with a piece of evidence or explanation, without fully confirming it (সামঞ্জস্যপূর্ণ)
“The delayed shipment is consistent with reports of congestion at the port.”
Appears in Lesson 21
constructverb
to build or put something together (নির্মাণ করা)
“The building was constructed in 1890.”
Appears in Lesson 13
contextnoun
the situation or circumstances that help explain a word's or sentence's meaning (প্রসঙ্গ)
“Whether 'the' or 'a' is correct often depends entirely on context.”
Appears in Lesson 6
contrastnoun
a clear difference between two things (বৈপরীত্য)
“The contrast between the two theories is the focus of this chapter.”
Appears in Lesson 8
contribute tophrasal verb
to act as one of several factors that help cause something, without being the sole cause (অবদান রাখা)
“Poor lighting may have contributed to the accident, though it was not the only factor.”
correlate withverb
to show a statistical pattern of occurring together, without this proving causation (পারস্পরিক সম্পর্ক দেখানো)
“Income is positively correlated with education level.”
Appears in Lesson 24
counterargumentnoun
a position that opposes or challenges the author's main claim, often voiced by the author before being answered (প্রতিতর্ক)
“Some managers argue that training is expensive — that's a counterargument the author has to address.”
Appears in Lesson 26
credibleadjective
able to be believed, typically because it is supported by reasonable evidence (বিশ্বাসযোগ্য)
“A single anecdote is a less credible basis for a claim than a large, replicated study.”
Appears in Lesson 28
decentralizeverb
to shift authority or decision-making away from a single central point toward local units (বিকেন্দ্রীকরণ করা)
“Decentralized systems give local managers greater authority to respond to changing conditions.”
Appears in Lesson 27
decideverb
to choose something after thinking about it (সিদ্ধান্ত নেওয়া)
“The team must decide which option is best.”
Appears in Lesson 1
decisionnoun
a choice made after consideration (সিদ্ধান্ত)
“Every decision has consequences.”
Appears in Lesson 1
deductionnoun
a conclusion reached through logical reasoning from available evidence, rather than direct observation (যুক্তিসিদ্ধ সিদ্ধান্ত)
“'There must be a connection problem' is a deduction from the fact that the system is offline.”
Appears in Lesson 28
demonstrateverb
to show clearly that something is true (প্রদর্শন করা/প্রমাণ করা)
“The results clearly demonstrate a consistent pattern.”
Appears in Lesson 9
dependverb
to rely on something in order to happen or be true (নির্ভর করা)
“A good decision often depends on experience.”
Appears in Lesson 2
describeverb
to give an account of something in words (বর্ণনা করা)
“A relative clause can describe a situation in more detail.”
Appears in Lesson 4
determineverb
to decide or control the outcome of something (নির্ধারণ করা)
“Preparation can determine the outcome of a difficult situation.”
Appears in Lesson 2
developverb
to grow or improve over time (বিকশিত/উন্নত করা)
“People develop new skills through practice.”
discoververb
to find or learn something for the first time (আবিষ্কার করা)
“Researchers discovered a surprising pattern in the data.”
Appears in Lesson 5
disruptionnoun
an event that interrupts a normal process or system (বিঘ্ন/ব্যাঘাত)
“AI systems can help identify potential disruptions before they affect operations.”
Appears in Lesson 23
distinguishverb
to recognise a difference between two things (পার্থক্য করা)
“Strong readers distinguish between a relative clause and a reason clause.”
Appears in Lesson 10
effectnoun
a change that results from something else (প্রভাব/ফলাফল)
“The effect of stress on decision-making is well documented.”
effectiveadjective
producing the result that was intended (কার্যকর)
“An effective leader listens before speaking.”
Appears in Lesson 1
emphasizeverb
to give special importance to something (জোর দেওয়া)
“The report emphasizes that further research is needed.”
engagementnoun
active involvement or interest in something (সম্পৃক্ততা)
“The expansion of online courses created challenges related to student engagement.”
Appears in Lesson 23
establishverb
to show something to be true through solid evidence (প্রতিষ্ঠিত করা)
“The study established a clear link between stress and memory loss.”
Appears in Lesson 16
evaluateverb
to judge the value or quality of something carefully (মূল্যায়ন করা)
“Readers must evaluate several competing alternatives before deciding.”
evidencenoun
facts or information that show whether something is true (প্রমাণ)
“The passage offers strong evidence for its main claim.”
examineverb
to look at something carefully and in detail (পরীক্ষা করা)
“Researchers examine the evidence before drawing a conclusion.”
Appears in Lesson 5
examplenoun
one specific instance that illustrates a general point (উদাহরণ)
“The author gives an example to make the claim concrete.”
Appears in Lesson 8
experiencenoun
knowledge or skill gained from doing something (অভিজ্ঞতা)
“Experience teaches lessons that books cannot.”
Appears in Lesson 1
explainverb
to make something clear by describing it (ব্যাখ্যা করা)
“Can you explain why the decision changed?”
explicitadjective
stated directly and clearly, leaving nothing to be inferred (স্পষ্টভাবে বলা)
“The study makes an explicit concession about its limited sample size.”
Appears in Lesson 28
extentnoun
the degree or amount to which something happens or is true (পরিমাণ/মাত্রা)
“The extent to which employees benefit from remote work varies considerably.”
Appears in Lesson 22
external validitynoun phrase
the degree to which a study's findings can reasonably apply beyond the specific sample or context it examined (বহিঃস্থ বৈধতা)
“A study's external validity is limited when its sample comes from only one unusual context.”
Appears in Lesson 30
faceverb
to be confronted with something difficult (মুখোমুখি হওয়া)
“Every organization has to face a difficult problem sooner or later.”
Appears in Lesson 3
factornoun
one of several things that influences a result (প্রভাবক/কারণ)
“Experience is an important factor in good judgment.”
familiaradjective
well known to you, or having good knowledge of something (পরিচিত)
“The two theories are familiar to most researchers in this field.”
Appears in Lesson 7
feedback loopnoun phrase
a chain in which an effect eventually loops back to influence the very factor that started the chain (প্রতিক্রিয়া চক্র)
“Rising demand and falling customer satisfaction can form a feedback loop that lowers demand again.”
Appears in Lesson 29
findverb
to learn or discover something as a result of study (খুঁজে পাওয়া)
“Studies have found that regular practice improves performance.”
Appears in Lesson 5
flexibilitynoun
the ability to change or adapt easily (নমনীয়তা)
“Digital platforms can provide greater flexibility than traditional systems.”
Appears in Lesson 19
focusverb
to give most of your attention to one particular thing (মনোনিবেশ করা)
“Researchers focus on behavior rather than on isolated events.”
gainverb
to obtain or increase something over time (পাওয়া/অর্জন করা)
“Careful reading helps you gain experience with complex sentences.”
Appears in Lesson 3
generalizeverb
to apply a finding from a specific sample or study to a broader population or context (সাধারণীকরণ করা)
“A study of 50 developers cannot automatically be generalized to all workers.”
Appears in Lesson 30
guaranteeverb
to promise that something will definitely happen or be true (নিশ্চয়তা দেওয়া)
“More information does not guarantee a better decision.”
Appears in Lesson 12
hedgenoun
a word or phrase that softens the certainty of a claim, such as may, possibly, or to some extent (সতর্কতাসূচক শব্দ)
“Stacking several hedges in one sentence signals an unusually cautious claim.”
Appears in Lesson 28
hierarchynoun
a ranking of items by relative strength or importance (ক্রম/পদক্রম)
“Multiple replicated studies sit higher in the evidence hierarchy than a single anecdote.”
Appears in Lesson 26
hypothesisnoun
a proposed explanation offered as a starting point for investigation, not yet established as fact (অনুকল্প)
“Researchers tested the hypothesis that training, not automation, explained the improvement.”
Appears in Lesson 29
identifyverb
to recognise or establish exactly what something is (চিহ্নিত করা)
“Careful readers can identify a pronoun's reference from context.”
Appears in Lesson 10
implementationnoun
the process of putting a plan or system into actual practice (বাস্তবায়ন)
“The successful implementation of new technologies requires employee training.”
Appears in Lesson 22
implicationnoun
something suggested or implied, without being stated directly (তাৎপর্য/ইঙ্গিত)
“The findings carry an important implication for how schools use technology.”
implyverb
to suggest something without stating it directly (ইঙ্গিত করা)
“A dangling modifier can imply the wrong subject performed the action.”
importantadjective
having great meaning, value, or significance (গুরুত্বপূর্ণ)
“Making the right decision is important.”
Appears in Lesson 1
improveverb
to make or become better (উন্নত করা)
“Practice improves performance.”
indicateverb
to point to or show something (নির্দেশ করা)
“A comma can indicate a relationship between two clauses.”
inferverb
to reach a conclusion from evidence and reasoning rather than from a direct statement (অনুমান করা)
“From the locked doors and empty parking lot, we can infer that the office is closed today.”
Appears in Lesson 21
influenceverb
to affect how someone thinks or acts (প্রভাবিত করা)
“Emotions influence decisions.”
informationnoun
facts or details about something; uncountable (তথ্য)
“People often need more information before they can make a good decision.”
Appears in Lesson 6
integrateverb
to combine something fully with something else so it works as one system (সংযুক্ত করা)
“The company plans to integrate the new system into its daily operations.”
interpretverb
to explain or understand the meaning of something (ব্যাখ্যা করা/অর্থ বোঝা)
“People interpret new information differently depending on past experience.”
interpretationnoun
a reading or explanation given to a piece of evidence, distinct from the evidence itself (ব্যাখ্যা)
“The 10,000 processed transactions are data; that the new system improved efficiency is an interpretation of that data.”
Appears in Lesson 28
intuitiveadjective
easy to use or understand without needing much explanation (সহজবোধ্য/স্বতঃস্ফূর্তভাবে বোধগম্য)
“As a system becomes more complex, it may also become less intuitive.”
Appears in Lesson 27
investigateverb
to study something systematically to discover facts about it (তদন্ত/অনুসন্ধান করা)
“Scientists investigate the causes of a problem before proposing a solution.”
Appears in Lesson 5
involveverb
to include something as a necessary part (জড়িত থাকা)
“Good decisions often involve several factors.”
Appears in Lesson 2
isolateverb
to separate one factor from others in order to examine its effect alone (পৃথক করা)
“It is difficult to isolate automation's exact contribution when several changes happened at once.”
Appears in Lesson 29
judgmentnoun
the ability to make sensible decisions (বিচার/মূল্যায়ন)
“Stress can weaken a person's judgment.”
Appears in Lesson 2
knowledgenoun
information and understanding gained through learning (জ্ঞান)
“Knowledge grows through practice, not memorisation alone.”
Appears in Lesson 1
leadverb
to result in something, or to cause a particular outcome (পরিচালিত করা/নিয়ে যাওয়া)
“Emotional decisions can lead to unexpected mistakes.”
Appears in Lesson 10
learnverb
to gain knowledge or a skill (শেখা)
“Children learn language quickly.”
Appears in Lesson 1
likelyadjective
probable; expected to happen (সম্ভাব্য)
“People with more experience are likely to make faster decisions.”
Appears in Lesson 9
maintainverb
to state firmly that something is true, often despite disagreement (দাবি করা/বজায় রাখা)
“The author maintains that the policy is effective, even though critics disagree.”
Appears in Lesson 16
makeverb
to produce, create, or carry out (তৈরি করা/নেওয়া)
“Leaders often have to make a decision under pressure.”
Appears in Lesson 3
mechanismnoun
the process or means by which a cause actually produces its effect (প্রক্রিয়া/কার্যপ্রণালী)
“Exercise may improve sleep by reducing stress — stress reduction is the mechanism here.”
Appears in Lesson 24
nominalizationnoun
a noun formed from a verb or adjective, often used to carry an earlier action into a new sentence (ক্রিয়া থেকে গঠিত বিশেষ্য)
“Analyzed becomes analysis, which the next sentence can then refer back to directly.”
Appears in Lesson 23
objectivenoun
a specific goal you are working toward (উদ্দেশ্য)
“Each lesson lists its objectives at the top of the page.”
Appears in Lesson 0
observeverb
to watch something carefully (পর্যবেক্ষণ করা)
“Good leaders observe people carefully.”
obviousadjective
easy to see or understand; clear (স্পষ্ট)
“The connection between the two events was not obvious at first.”
Appears in Lesson 9
operationaladjective
relating to the practical running of a system or organization, day to day (কার্যক্ষম/পরিচালনাগত)
“Digital systems can help companies improve operational efficiency.”
Appears in Lesson 22
outcomenoun
the result or effect of an action or process (ফলাফল)
“Patients who received support showed a better outcome.”
Appears in Lesson 11
overgeneralizationnoun
drawing a broad conclusion from evidence too narrow to support it (অতি-সাধারণীকরণ)
“Concluding 'AI always improves productivity' from one company's experience is an overgeneralization.”
Appears in Lesson 26
overloadnoun
an amount too large to be dealt with comfortably (অতিরিক্ত চাপ/ভার)
“Excessive digital communication can lead to information overload.”
Appears in Lesson 20
perspectivenoun
a particular way of thinking about or viewing something (দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি)
“Good communication requires considering alternative perspectives.”
Appears in Lesson 19
plausibleadjective
reasonable or believable, though not necessarily proven (যুক্তিসঙ্গত/বিশ্বাসযোগ্য)
“A plausible alternative explanation doesn't need to be certain to be worth considering.”
Appears in Lesson 28
potentialadjective
possible, though not yet certain or realized (সম্ভাব্য/সম্ভাবনাময়)
“Researchers identified several potential causes of the problem.”
Appears in Lesson 9
practicenoun
repeated exercise done to build a skill (অনুশীলন)
“Finish the practice questions before moving to the next lesson.”
Appears in Lesson 0
preliminaryadjective
happening at an early stage, before a fuller or final result is available (প্রাথমিক)
“Preliminary evidence suggests the intervention may help, but a final conclusion would require more research.”
Appears in Lesson 30
prematureadjective
happening or being made before enough evidence is available to support it (অকালপক্ব/তাড়াহুড়ো করে নেওয়া)
“Attributing the entire improvement to automation alone may be premature given the other changes underway.”
Appears in Lesson 29
presumablyadverb
probably true, based on reasonable expectation rather than direct evidence (সম্ভবত, এমনটা ধরে নেওয়া যায়)
“The office was locked and dark; presumably, everyone had already left.”
Appears in Lesson 21
prioritynoun
something treated as more important than an alternative, especially when a choice must be made (অগ্রাধিকার)
“Managers should treat long-term outcomes as a higher priority than short-term costs.”
Appears in Lesson 27
probabilitynoun
how likely something is to happen or be true (সম্ভাবনা)
“The probability of a different outcome cannot be ruled out.”
Appears in Lesson 17
proceduraladjective
relating to the established steps or methods used to carry out a task (পদ্ধতিগত)
“Procedural changes, not just new technology, may have contributed to the faster processing times.”
Appears in Lesson 29
procedurenoun
a fixed, official way of doing something (পদ্ধতি/প্রক্রিয়া)
“Researchers must follow a strict procedure when collecting data.”
progressnoun
movement forward toward a goal (অগ্রগতি)
“You can check your progress on the Progress page at any time.”
Appears in Lesson 0
progressionnoun
a gradual development or movement from one stage to the next (ক্রমবিকাশ)
“Thematic progression describes how a paragraph's topic develops from sentence to sentence.”
Appears in Lesson 25
proposeverb
to put forward an idea or explanation for consideration (প্রস্তাব করা)
“Researchers proposed several explanations for the unexpected result.”
Appears in Lesson 13
propositionnoun
the basic content of a claim, separate from how confidently it is stated (প্রস্তাবনা/বক্তব্য)
“The proposition is 'remote work improves satisfaction'; the stance is carried by the word 'may.'”
Appears in Lesson 28
publishverb
to make research, writing, or information publicly available (প্রকাশ করা)
“The findings were published in a peer-reviewed journal.”
Appears in Lesson 13
qualificationnoun
a statement that limits or adds a condition to an earlier claim (সীমাবদ্ধতা/শর্ত)
“A careful writer adds a qualification rather than letting a claim stand unlimited.”
qualifiernoun
a word or phrase that limits or softens the strength of a claim (সীমাবদ্ধতাসূচক শব্দ)
“Words like 'partly' and 'may' act as qualifiers that weaken an otherwise strong causal claim.”
Appears in Lesson 24
qualifyverb
to limit or add a condition to a statement so it isn't taken as absolute (সীমিত করা)
“Academic writers often qualify a claim with a word like 'may' or 'tends to'.”
rather thanconjunction
used to show a preference for one option over another, naming the rejected option directly (তার পরিবর্তে)
“The company focused on improving the existing system rather than replacing it.”
Appears in Lesson 25
reachverb
to arrive at, especially after a process (পৌঁছানো)
“Careful readers reach a conclusion only after weighing the evidence.”
Appears in Lesson 3
realizeverb
to become fully aware of something (উপলব্ধি করা)
“Readers often realize a problem in an argument only on a second reading.”
Appears in Lesson 4
reasonnoun
a cause or explanation for something (কারণ)
“One reason for the disagreement was a lack of clear communication.”
rebuttalnoun
an author's response to a counterargument, aimed at showing why the main claim still stands (প্রতিউত্তর)
“The rebuttal argued that long-term benefits outweigh the short-term costs raised by critics.”
Appears in Lesson 26
receiveverb
to be given, sent, or handed something (গ্রহণ করা)
“The department received several complaints about the new system.”
Appears in Lesson 13
recognizeverb
to become aware of or identify something (চিনতে/উপলব্ধি করতে)
“Good readers recognize a difficult sentence before they finish it.”
recruitmentnoun
the process of finding and hiring new staff (নিয়োগ প্রক্রিয়া)
“Additional recruitment during the same period offers a plausible alternative explanation for the improvement.”
Appears in Lesson 29
relateverb
to show or form a connection between two things (সম্পর্কিত করা)
“This paragraph relates to the study discussed earlier.”
Appears in Lesson 10
relationshipnoun
the way two or more things are connected (সম্পর্ক)
“Today's lesson is about the relationship between clauses in a sentence.”
Appears in Lesson 4
reliabilitynoun
the quality of being consistently good or dependable (নির্ভরযোগ্যতা)
“Vessel waiting times depend on the reliability of the scheduling systems in use.”
reliableadjective
able to be trusted to be accurate or to work correctly (বিশ্বাসযোগ্য/নির্ভরযোগ্য)
“Researchers prefer to build conclusions on reliable evidence.”
Appears in Lesson 12
remainverb
to continue to exist or to stay the same (থেকে যাওয়া/অবশিষ্ট থাকা)
“Despite decades of research, the problem remains only partly understood.”
Appears in Lesson 5
replicateverb
to repeat a study independently to see whether it produces the same result (পুনরাবৃত্তি/পুনরায় সম্পাদন করা)
“A finding that has been replicated across several independent studies is generally more trustworthy.”
Appears in Lesson 30
representverb
to stand for or be a symbol of something (প্রতিনিধিত্ব করা)
“In this diagram, the arrow represents the flow of information.”
Appears in Lesson 10
representativeadjective
accurately reflecting the characteristics of a larger group or population (প্রতিনিধিত্বমূলক)
“A representative sample makes a study's findings more likely to generalize beyond the people actually studied.”
Appears in Lesson 30
requireverb
to need something in order to work or succeed (প্রয়োজন হওয়া)
“Clear writing requires careful planning.”
researchnoun
careful study of a subject to discover new facts; uncountable, used with no article for the general activity (গবেষণা)
“Research on decision-making has continued to develop for decades.”
Appears in Lesson 6
responsibleadjective
having a duty to deal with or take care of something (দায়িত্বশীল)
“Leaders are responsible for the decisions their teams make.”
Appears in Lesson 7
restrictverb
to limit something to a smaller group or range than it might otherwise cover (সীমিত করা)
“'Only trained employees' restricts system access to one specific group.”
Appears in Lesson 25
resultnoun
something that happens because of something else (ফলাফল)
“Improved performance was a direct result of regular practice.”
Appears in Lesson 8
reviewverb
to look at something again carefully (পুনরায় পরীক্ষা করা)
“Review a lesson's Golden Rule if you forget it later.”
robustadjective
strong and able to withstand reasonable challenges or scrutiny (মজবুত/সুদৃঢ়)
“Robust evidence tends to hold up even when researchers test it with different methods.”
Appears in Lesson 30
scalableadjective
able to be expanded or adapted to a much larger size without losing effectiveness (সম্প্রসারণযোগ্য)
“Automated methods are often described as more scalable than traditional, manual ones.”
Appears in Lesson 27
scopenoun
the range or extent of people, situations, or conditions that a claim or study actually covers (পরিধি/সীমা)
“A claim's scope should match the scope of the evidence actually collected for it.”
Appears in Lesson 30
significantadjective
large or important enough to be worth noting (উল্লেখযোগ্য)
“The researchers found a significant improvement in performance.”
Appears in Lesson 9
similaradjective
resembling something else without being identical (সদৃশ)
“The two studies produced results that were similar to each other.”
Appears in Lesson 7
similaritynoun
the quality of being alike (সাদৃশ্য)
“Despite the similarity between the two studies, their conclusions differ.”
Appears in Lesson 8
simultaneousadjective
happening or existing at the same time as something else (সমকালীন/একযোগে ঘটমান)
“Simultaneous changes to staffing and technology make the true cause of the improvement hard to pin down.”
Appears in Lesson 29
solveverb
to find a solution to something (সমাধান করা)
“Strong readers can solve a problem hidden inside a long paragraph.”
Appears in Lesson 3
specificadjective
particular and clearly identified, not general (সুনির্দিষ্ট)
“The article is used before a specific, already-identified noun.”
Appears in Lesson 6
speculateverb
to form a theory without firm evidence (অনুমান করা)
“Some scientists speculate that the pattern may be linked to diet.”
Appears in Lesson 16
stabilitynoun
the state of being steady and not easily disrupted or changed (স্থিতিশীলতা)
“Additional testing and updates improved the system's stability.”
Appears in Lesson 23
stancenoun
an author's attitude toward, or degree of commitment to, a claim they are making (অবস্থান/মনোভাব)
“The author's stance on automation is cautiously positive, not fully certain.”
Appears in Lesson 28
streaknoun
a number of days in a row that you have studied (ধারাবাহিকতা)
“Studying one lesson a day, every day, builds your streak.”
Appears in Lesson 0
studyverb
to examine a subject carefully in order to learn about it (অধ্যয়ন করা)
“Researchers study human decision-making.”
succeedverb
to achieve something you were trying to do (সফল হওয়া)
“Readers who succeed in identifying the head noun decode sentences faster.”
Appears in Lesson 14
sufficientadjective
enough for a particular purpose (পর্যাপ্ত)
“Organizations without sufficient resources may struggle to adopt new systems.”
Appears in Lesson 22
suggestverb
to indicate something indirectly (ইঙ্গিত দেওয়া/প্রস্তাব করা)
“The evidence in this paragraph suggests that emotions affect judgment.”
superlativeadjective
expressing the highest or lowest degree of a quality, implicitly comparing against every relevant alternative (সর্বোচ্চ/সর্বনিম্ন মাত্রাসূচক)
“A superlative claim like 'the most effective option' needs comparison evidence covering every real alternative.”
Appears in Lesson 27
supportverb
to give evidence for a claim (সমর্থন করা)
“Good writers support an argument with clear evidence.”
synonymnoun
a word closely related in meaning to another, often used to avoid repeating the same word (সমার্থক শব্দ)
“Company, organization, and business function as loose synonyms within this paragraph.”
Appears in Lesson 23
tendencynoun
a general pattern of behaving or happening a certain way, without being universal (প্রবণতা)
“There is a tendency to rely on familiar information when time is limited.”
therebyadverb
by that means; as a result of the action just described (এর মাধ্যমে/ফলে)
“The company automated the process, thereby reducing processing time.”
Appears in Lesson 24
thinkverb
to use the mind to consider something (চিন্তা করা)
“She stopped to think before answering.”
Appears in Lesson 1
thresholdnoun
the minimum level something must reach before a particular outcome or judgment applies (সীমারেখা/প্রান্তসীমা)
“The evidence had not yet crossed the threshold required to establish causation.”
Appears in Lesson 29
topicnoun
the person, thing, or idea a sentence or paragraph is centrally about (বিষয়)
“The topic of the sentence is the new billing system; everything else comments on it.”
Appears in Lesson 25
trade-offnoun
a balance between a benefit and a cost, where gaining one typically means giving up some of the other (লাভ-ক্ষতির ভারসাম্য)
“The new system improves speed at the expense of accuracy — a classic trade-off.”
Appears in Lesson 27
transformverb
to change something completely, often for the better (রূপান্তর করা)
“Digital technology has transformed the way people communicate.”
Appears in Lesson 18
triangulationnoun
using several different kinds or sources of evidence to check whether they point toward the same conclusion (বহুমুখী যাচাই)
“Triangulation across survey data, interviews, and transaction records strengthened the study's conclusion.”
Appears in Lesson 30
triggerverb
to cause a sudden, often immediate, reaction or event (তাৎক্ষণিকভাবে ঘটানো)
“The announcement triggered a sharp decline in demand.”
Appears in Lesson 24
underlyingadjective
forming the true, often hidden, basis of something rather than its immediate or visible cause (অন্তর্নিহিত/মূল)
“The underlying cause of the crash was inadequate server capacity, not the traffic spike itself.”
Appears in Lesson 24
understandverb
to grasp the meaning of something (বোঝা)
“I understand the problem.”
uniqueadjective
being the only one of its kind (অদ্বিতীয়/একক)
“A superlative names a unique, one-of-a-kind ranking, which is why it almost always takes 'the'.”
Appears in Lesson 6
unreliableadjective
not able to be trusted to be accurate or consistent (অবিশ্বাস্য/অনির্ভরযোগ্য)
“Unreliable information can make decision-making more complicated, not less.”
Appears in Lesson 12
verifyverb
to check that something is true or accurate (যাচাই করা)
“Important claims should be verified before they are accepted.”
Appears in Lesson 13
warrantverb
to justify or provide adequate grounds for a claim or conclusion (যথেষ্ট কারণ/সমর্থন দেওয়া)
“A single case study rarely warrants a universal causal conclusion.”
Appears in Lesson 29