Vocabulary
782 words indexed automatically from every lesson that introduces it.
a number ofphraseformal
several, an unspecified but more-than-a-few quantity (বেশ কয়েকটি)
Often with a number of factors, a number of reasons, a number of cases
“A number of factors contributed to the delay, including weather and staffing.”
Appears in Lesson 45
a small proportion ofphraseformal
a minor share of a total, smaller than 'some' typically implies (একটি ক্ষুদ্র অংশ)
Often with only a small proportion of, a small proportion of cases, a small proportion of the total
“Only a small proportion of containers are physically inspected; the rest are cleared on documents.”
Appears in Lesson 40
a subset ofphrasetechnical
a smaller category fully contained within a larger one (একটি উপসেট/অংশবিশেষ)
Often with be a subset of, only a subset of, form a subset of
“Hazardous goods are a subset of dangerous goods, subject to extra handling rules.”
Appears in Lesson 52
accurateadjectiveneutral
correct and true in every detail (নির্ভুল)
Often with accurate information, highly accurate, accurate record
“Accurate weight declarations are essential for safe stowage planning.”
Appears in Lesson 12
acknowledgeverbformal
to accept or admit that something is true (স্বীকার করা)
Often with acknowledge that, publicly acknowledge, acknowledge receipt
“The company acknowledged that the outage had lasted longer than it first reported.”
Appears in Lesson 16
active recallnoun phrasetechnical
deliberately retrieving information from memory, such as summarizing a passage from memory, rather than simply rereading it (সক্রিয় স্মরণ)
Often with practise active recall, use active recall, active recall of key points
“After each paragraph, use active recall: close the page and state its main claim from memory.”
Appears in Lesson 46
adaptverbneutral
to change your approach to suit new conditions (খাপ খাওয়ানো)
Often with adapt to, quickly adapt, adapt the approach
“Shipping lines had to adapt their schedules quickly when the canal was blocked.”
Appears in Lesson 19
adequateadjectiveformal
sufficient or satisfactory for a particular purpose (যথেষ্ট/উপযুক্ত)
Often with adequate evidence, wholly adequate, adequate safeguards
“The regulator found that the operator had not put adequate safeguards in place.”
Appears in Lesson 31
adoptverbformal
to start using something, such as a method, idea, or technology (গ্রহণ করা)
Often with adopt a policy, adopt a method, widely adopted
“The port will adopt a new tariff structure from the first of January.”
Appears in Lesson 18
adoptionnounformal
the act of starting to use something new, such as a technology or practice (গ্রহণ/অবলম্বন)
Often with widespread adoption, adoption of, rate of adoption
“Adoption of the electronic bill of lading has been slow among smaller freight forwarders.”
Appears in Lesson 23
advisableadjectiveformal
worth doing, though not strictly required (উপদেশযোগ্য)
Often with highly advisable, strongly advisable, it is advisable to
“It is advisable to book a slot, though it is not required.”
Appears in Drill 64
affectverbneutral
to cause a change in something (প্রভাব ফেলা)
Often with adversely affect, directly affect, affect performance
“Delays at the customs office directly affect how quickly containers leave the terminal.”
agentnountechnical
the person or thing that performs an action in a passive sentence (কর্তা)
Often with the agent of the action, name the agent, omit the agent
“In 'The container was inspected by customs', 'customs' is the agent.”
Appears in Task 7
aheadadverbneutral
in front, further along in space or time (সামনে)
Often with ahead of schedule, plan ahead, ahead of time
“The project is ahead of schedule by two weeks.”
Appears in Drill 19
all butphraseformal
almost all of a group, with a small, specified number of exceptions (একটি ব্যতিক্রম বাদে প্রায় সবই)
Often with all but finished, all but impossible, all but a few
“The project is all but complete, with only the final safety inspection outstanding.”
Appears in Lesson 40
allegeverbformal
to claim something as true, usually without yet proving it, often signalling the claim is disputed (অভিযোগ করা/দাবি করা, প্রমাণ ছাড়া)
Often with allege that, allegedly, publicly allege
“The complaint alleges that the contractor falsified the inspection certificates.”
Appears in Lesson 35
alternativenounneutral
one option among two or more possible choices (বিকল্প)
Often with viable alternative, consider alternatives, alternative to
“With the main berth closed for repairs, the agent proposed an alternative in the eastern terminal.”
alternative explanationnoun phraseformal
another possible cause for the same effect, voiced honestly instead of ignored (বিকল্প ব্যাখ্যা)
Often with offer an alternative explanation, consider an alternative explanation, plausible alternative explanation
“One alternative explanation is that volumes fell because of the weather.”
Appears in Drill 29
ambiguousadjectiveformal
capable of being understood in more than one plausible way (দ্ব্যর্থবোধক)
Often with ambiguous wording, deliberately ambiguous, ambiguous clause
“The contract's ambiguous wording about 'reasonable delay' led to a costly dispute.”
analytical modelnoun phrasetechnical
a deliberately simplified representation of reality, built to make analysis or comparison easier (বিশ্লেষণী মডেল)
Often with build an analytical model, simple analytical model, analytical model of
“The analyst built a simple model of berth waiting time based on arrival rates and service speed.”
Appears in Lesson 57
analyzeverbformal
to examine something in detail to understand its parts and how they fit together (বিশ্লেষণ করা)
Often with analyze data, analyze the results, carefully analyze
“The finance team analyzed last quarter's wharfage invoices to find why revenue had dipped.”
Appears in Lesson 1
anchorverbneutral
to make an abstract idea concrete by attaching it to a specific example (সুনির্দিষ্ট উদাহরণ দিয়ে বাঁধা)
Often with anchor an idea, anchor to, anchor with an example
“I anchor the abstract idea of 'delay' with the example of last Tuesday's berth clash.”
Appears in Drill 52
anecdotaladjectiveformal
based on one story or case, and not necessarily representative of the wider group (উপাখ্যানমূলক)
Often with anecdotal evidence, merely anecdotal, anecdotal account
“The story about one late driver is anecdotal, not proof of a trend.”
Appears in Drill 59
anecdotal evidencenoun phraseformal
evidence based on individual stories or experiences, which may not represent a broader population (উপাখ্যানমূলক প্রমাণ)
Often with rely on anecdotal evidence, anecdotal evidence suggests, merely anecdotal evidence
“Anecdotal evidence from two drivers is not enough to conclude that the gate system is slow.”
Appears in Lesson 59
anecdotenounneutral
a single, informal example or story, generally weaker as evidence than systematic data (একক ঘটনা/কাহিনি)
Often with an anecdote about, personal anecdote, rely on anecdote
“The manager's anecdote about one late shipment was not enough to prove a wider trend.”
antecedentnountechnical
the earlier word or idea that a pronoun or reference expression points back to (পূর্ববর্তী নির্দেশ্য)
Often with clear antecedent, identify the antecedent, unclear antecedent
“In 'The committee approved the plan, but it was later withdrawn', the antecedent of 'it' is 'the plan'.”
apologizeverbneutral
to say sorry for something (ক্ষমা চাওয়া)
Often with apologize for, sincerely apologize, apologize to
“We apologize for the delay in releasing your container.”
Appears in Drill 11
appositionnountechnical
placing a noun phrase directly beside another to identify or explain it (সমাসাশ্রয়ী ব্যাখ্যা)
Often with in apposition, noun in apposition, appositive phrase
“In 'Mr Hasan, the harbour master, approved the plan', the phrase 'the harbour master' stands in apposition to the name.”
Appears in Lesson 36
appositivenountechnical
a noun phrase placed beside another noun to identify or explain it (ব্যাখ্যামূলক বিশেষ্যপদ)
Often with appositive phrase, use an appositive, noun appositive
“In 'Ms Rahman, the terminal manager, signed the order', the phrase 'the terminal manager' is an appositive.”
approachnounneutral
a particular way of dealing with a task or problem (পদ্ধতি/দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি)
Often with a new approach, take an approach, a practical approach
“The audit recommended a risk-based approach to inspecting containers rather than checking every unit.”
Appears in Lesson 2
appropriateadjectiveformal
suitable or correct for a particular situation (উপযুক্ত)
Often with appropriate action, appropriate measures, deemed appropriate
“The regulator will take appropriate action against any operator that falsifies safety records.”
Appears in Lesson 19
architecturenountechnical
the underlying structure of something, not just its surface content (গঠন/স্থাপত্য)
Often with system architecture, network architecture, architecture of
“The proposed architecture separates the billing service from the gate-control system to limit failures.”
arguableadjectiveformal
able to be reasonably disagreed with (তর্কযোগ্য)
Often with arguable claim, highly arguable, it is arguable that
“That the merger cut costs is arguable, since the figures cover only six months.”
Appears in Drill 49
argumentnounformal
a set of reasons put forward to persuade others that a conclusion is correct (যুক্তি)
Often with make an argument, a strong argument, argument for
“The consultant's argument for outsourcing rested on a single cost comparison.”
argument bridgenoun phrasecourse term
the explicit, statable link — often an unstated assumption — connecting an argument's evidence to its conclusion (যুক্তির সেতু)
Often with build an argument bridge, state the argument bridge, argument bridge between
“The argument bridge is the unstated claim that fewer complaints mean higher satisfaction.”
Appears in Lesson 73
argument chainnoun phraseformal
a sequence of connected ideas — cause, effect, limitation, refinement — that together build one continuous line of reasoning (যুক্তির শৃঙ্খল)
Often with follow the argument chain, break in the argument chain, link in the argument chain
“The report's argument chain runs from rising fuel costs to route changes to longer transit times.”
Appears in Lesson 51
argument evolutionnoun phraseformal
the gradual refinement of an author's position across a book, from a broad early claim to a more precise, qualified final one (যুক্তির ক্রমবিকাশ)
Often with trace the argument evolution, gradual argument evolution, argument evolution across
“Across the book, the argument evolves from 'delays are costly' to 'delays are mostly preventable'.”
argument flownoun phraseformal
the logical progression of an author's reasoning through a paragraph, distinct from its surface information flow (যুক্তির প্রবাহ)
Often with follow the argument flow, clear argument flow, argument flow of a paragraph
“Despite its many facts, the memo's argument flow was hard to follow because the recommendation came first.”
Appears in Lesson 43
argument gapnoun phrasecourse term
the missing logical bridge between a premise and a conclusion that the premise alone does not establish (যুক্তির শূন্যতা)
Often with an argument gap, spot the argument gap, fill the argument gap
“The report has an argument gap: it shows costs rose but never shows the change caused them.”
Appears in Lesson 72
argument journeynoun phraseformal
the full sequence of stages a central claim passes through across a book, from its first statement to its final, most precise form (যুক্তির যাত্রা)
Often with trace the argument journey, argument journey of, complete argument journey
“The argument journey runs from a bold opening claim to a cautious, conditional conclusion.”
Appears in Lesson 83
argument quality matrixnoun phrasecourse term
a checklist of dimensions such as clarity, reliability, sufficiency, and scope for judging an argument systematically (যুক্তির গুণমান ম্যাট্রিক্স)
Often with build an argument quality matrix, use an argument quality matrix, argument quality matrix of
“An argument quality matrix rates the case on clarity, reliability, sufficiency, and scope.”
Appears in Lesson 84
argument statenoun phrasecourse term
where a claim stands in its development at a given point: initial, supported, challenged, qualified, or final (যুক্তির অবস্থা)
Often with the argument state, track the argument state, current argument state
“At the end of chapter three, the claim's argument state is 'qualified': it now holds only for large terminals.”
Appears in Lesson 83
argument strengthnoun phraseformal
a rating of how well an argument's evidence, assumptions, and scope actually support its conclusion, from unsupported to strong (যুক্তির শক্তি)
Often with assess argument strength, judge argument strength, argument strength of
“Argument strength depends on how much of the conclusion the evidence actually covers.”
Appears in Lesson 72
arrangementnounformal
a plan or way of organizing something, often used to relabel a situation just described (ব্যবস্থা/আয়োজন)
Often with contractual arrangement, make arrangements, working arrangement
“Under the new arrangement, the agent handles documentation while the carrier manages the cargo.”
Appears in Lesson 23
associateverbformal
to connect one thing with another in your mind or in fact (যুক্ত করা)
Often with be associated with, closely associated, associate with
“Longer dwell times are usually associated with incomplete customs documentation.”
Appears in Lesson 10
associatedadjectiveformal
linked or connected with something, without necessarily causing it (সম্পর্কিত)
Often with be associated with, closely associated, risks associated with
“Higher storage charges are associated with longer dwell times.”
Appears in Task 17
associated withcollocationformal
to occur together in a pattern, without this alone proving that one causes the other (এর সাথে সম্পর্কযুক্ত)
Often with strongly associated with, be associated with, risks associated with
“Higher container dwell times are associated with incomplete customs documentation.”
assumeverbformal
to accept something as true without checking it (ধরে নেওয়া)
Often with assume that, wrongly assume, safe to assume
“The forecast assumes that container volumes will grow by four percent a year.”
Appears in Lesson 4
assumptionnounformal
something accepted as true without being proven (অনুমান/ধারণা)
Often with underlying assumption, make an assumption, challenge an assumption
“The budget rests on the assumption that fuel prices will stay flat for the year.”
asymmetricaladjectivetechnical
not balanced or equal on both sides (অসামঞ্জস্যপূর্ণ)
Often with asymmetrical relationship, asymmetrical information, highly asymmetrical
“The negotiation was asymmetrical: the carrier held far more market power than the exporter.”
Appears in Lesson 27
attachverbneutral
to connect one thing directly to another (সংযুক্ত করা)
Often with attach to, attach a file, attach the detail
“In speech, we attach the detail straight to the verb: 'arrived at noon'.”
Appears in Drill 7
attachedadjectiveneutral
joined closely to something else, with no gap (সংযুক্ত)
Often with attached to, firmly attached, attached document
“The reason is attached directly to the claim with 'because'.”
Appears in Drill 4
attemptverbformal
to try to do something, especially something difficult (চেষ্টা করা)
Often with attempt to, make an attempt, failed attempt
“Several users attempted to log in with expired credentials, triggering the security alert.”
Appears in Lesson 14
attentionnounneutral
careful thought or notice given to something (মনোযোগ)
Often with pay attention, draw attention to, require attention
“The audit drew attention to weak access controls on the shared finance drive.”
Appears in Lesson 15
attention budgetnoun phraseneutral
the limited mental focus available during reading, which should be allocated to the most important sentences rather than spent equally on all of them (মনোযোগ-বাজেট)
Often with spend the attention budget, limited attention budget, manage the attention budget
“Spend your attention budget on the topic and concluding sentences and give less to the examples.”
Appears in Lesson 46
attributable toadjective phraseformal
able to be explained by, or credited to, a particular cause (যে কারণে হয়েছে বলে ধরা যায়)
Often with be attributable to, largely attributable, directly attributable
“Most of the revenue drop is attributable to the six-week strike, not to falling demand.”
attributeverbformal
to identify something as the cause or source of a particular result (কোনো কারণকে দায়ী করা)
Often with attribute to, largely attribute, wrongly attribute
“Management attributed the improvement to the new roster, ignoring the fall in vessel arrivals.”
attribute tophrasal verbformal
to credit something as the cause of an outcome, often limited by a hedge like 'partly' (আরোপ করা)
Often with attribute to, be attributed to, partly attribute to
“The improvement was partly attributed to the new roster.”
Appears in Task 44
attributed claimnoun phraseformal
a statement credited to its source ('researchers found', 'according to the company') rather than stated as the author's own fact (আরোপিত দাবি)
Often with an attributed claim, treat as an attributed claim, attributed claim such as
“'According to the company, costs fell' is an attributed claim, not a proven fact.”
Appears in Lesson 77
attributed tophraseformal
credited or assigned as the cause of something, often with a degree of uncertainty about how much credit is warranted (আরোপিত)
Often with be attributed to, largely attributed to, wrongly attributed to
“The fall in revenue was attributed to the strike, though other factors probably played a part.”
attributionnounformal
identifying whose claim or statement is being reported, rather than treating it as the author's own view (উৎস নির্দেশ)
Often with clear attribution, source attribution, lack of attribution
“The article's lack of attribution made it impossible to check who had made the claim.”
Appears in Lesson 26
authorial purposenoun phraseformal
what an author is actually doing in a passage — describing, evaluating, warning, recommending, or predicting — as distinct from the topic itself (লেখকের উদ্দেশ্য)
Often with identify the authorial purpose, clear authorial purpose, authorial purpose behind
“The authorial purpose of the memo is to warn managers, not to describe last year's results.”
Appears in Lesson 77
automateverbtechnical
to make a process work by machine, with little or no human control (স্বয়ংক্রিয় করা)
Often with automate a process, fully automate, automate the task
“The finance team automated invoice matching to reduce data-entry errors.”
Appears in Task 18
automaticitynountechnical
the ability to process a familiar structure or word instantly, without conscious effort (স্বয়ংক্রিয়তা)
Often with develop automaticity, reach automaticity, automaticity in reading
“With practice, experienced readers reach automaticity and spot a sentence's subject and verb without thinking.”
Appears in Lesson 46
availabilitynountechnical
the state of being able to be obtained or used (প্রাপ্যতা)
Often with availability of, high availability, subject to availability
“The contract guarantees system availability of ninety-nine point nine percent.”
Appears in Lesson 18
avoidverbneutral
to stay away from something, or prevent it from happening (এড়ানো)
Often with avoid delays, avoid making, narrowly avoid
“Pre-booking helps drivers avoid long queues at the gate.”
Appears in Drill 14
awareadjectiveformal
knowing that something exists or is happening (সচেতন)
Often with be aware of, fully aware, become aware
“All contractors must be aware of the site's emergency assembly points before starting work.”
Appears in Lesson 7
backward connectionnoun phraseformal
looking back at an earlier paragraph once a later one reveals why it was included in the first place (পশ্চাৎ সংযোগ)
Often with make a backward connection, backward connection to, see the backward connection
“The backward connection becomes clear when the conclusion explains why the early example was included.”
Appears in Lesson 79
base rate neglectnoun phrasetechnical
ignoring how common or rare an underlying event actually is when interpreting a percentage or detection rate about it (মূল হার উপেক্ষা)
Often with commit base rate neglect, avoid base rate neglect, example of base rate neglect
“Reporting that 'ninety percent of the delayed ships were foreign' shows base rate neglect if most ships are foreign.”
Appears in Lesson 76
based onphraseneutral
using a specified factor as the determining basis for a decision or calculation (ভিত্তিতে)
Often with based on the data, based on criteria, decisions based on
“Priority is assigned based on cargo type and the vessel's departure time.”
Appears in Lesson 54
baselinenountechnical
a starting reference point against which later change is measured (ভিত্তিরেখা/প্রাথমিক মাপকাঠি)
Often with baseline figure, establish a baseline, compared with the baseline
“Before the trial began, the team recorded a baseline of average turnaround time for comparison.”
be associated withphraseformal
to occur together with something, signalling correlation rather than proven causation (সম্পর্কযুক্ত হওয়া)
Often with be associated with, be strongly associated with, risks associated with
“Long queues are associated with the noon peak.”
Appears in Task 45
be attributed tophraseformal
to be credited or assigned as at least part of the cause of an outcome (আরোপিত হওয়া)
Often with be largely attributed to, wrongly attributed to, attributed to human error
“The accident was attributed to human error, although the investigation is not finished.”
Appears in Lesson 45
be characterized byphraseformal
to be identified through a set of defining features or qualities (বৈশিষ্ট্যযুক্ত হওয়া)
Often with be characterized by, is characterized by high, characterized by low
“The market is characterized by thin margins and heavy dependence on a few large customers.”
Appears in Lesson 52
be consistent withphraseformal
to be compatible with a finding or theory, without thereby proving it (সামঞ্জস্যপূর্ণ হওয়া)
Often with be broadly consistent with, entirely consistent with, consistent with the findings
“The pattern of damage is consistent with a low-speed impact, but it does not prove one.”
be subject tophraseformal
to be affected by, or bound by, a stated condition or limitation (সাপেক্ষ হওয়া)
Often with be subject to approval, be subject to change, be subject to inspection
“All hazardous cargo is subject to inspection before it enters the terminal.”
Appears in Lesson 45
behaviornounneutral
the way a person, group, or system acts in a given situation (আচরণ)
Often with consumer behavior, change behavior, unusual behavior
“The security audit flagged unusual user behavior on the billing system after midnight.”
benefitverbneutral
to gain an advantage or improvement from something (উপকৃত হওয়া)
Often with benefit from, greatly benefit, mutually benefit
“Small exporters benefit from the single-window system because it removes duplicate paperwork.”
Appears in Lesson 14
biasnounformal
a systematic distortion in how a sample or study is put together, which skews its results (পক্ষপাত/পক্ষপাতিত্ব)
Often with selection bias, unconscious bias, bias in
“The survey suffered from selection bias because only satisfied customers replied.”
biconditionalnoun / adjectivetechnical
a relationship holding in both directions at once, expressed by 'if and only if' or 'iff' (দ্বিমুখী শর্তসম্পর্ক)
Often with a biconditional, state a biconditional, biconditional relationship
“'The gate opens if and only if the booking is valid' is a biconditional: it works in both directions.”
Appears in Lesson 67
bidirectionaladjectivetechnical
describing a relationship in which each of two factors can influence the other (দ্বিমুখী)
Often with bidirectional relationship, bidirectional influence, bidirectional flow
“The relationship between workload and morale is bidirectional: each affects the other.”
Appears in Lesson 60
book thesisnoun phraseformal
a book's most fully developed answer to its central question, usually more precise and conditional than its opening claim (গ্রন্থের মূল অভিসন্দর্ভ)
Often with state the book thesis, book thesis of, central book thesis
“The book thesis emerges only in the last chapter: reliability, not price, decides where cargo goes.”
Appears in Lesson 81
book-level implicationnoun phrasecourse term
the practical consequence that follows from a book's thesis, distinct from the thesis itself and from any evaluation of its argument (গ্রন্থ-পর্যায়ের প্রভাব)
Often with draw a book-level implication, book-level implication of, main book-level implication
“The book-level implication is that ports should invest in reliability before capacity.”
Appears in Lesson 81
bottlenecknounneutral
a single point in a process that restricts the flow or capacity of the entire system (সংকীর্ণ বিন্দু)
Often with a bottleneck in, cause a bottleneck, remove a bottleneck
“The customs inspection lane is the bottleneck that limits how fast containers leave the port.”
boundarynounformal
a limit that marks where one thing ends and another begins (সীমা)
Often with boundary between, cross the boundary, clear boundary
“The contract sets a clear boundary between the terminal's liability and the carrier's.”
bridgenounneutral
an unstated assumption connecting evidence to a conclusion (সংযোগকারী অনুমান)
Often with bridge the gap, an unstated bridge, logical bridge
“The unstated bridge is that fewer complaints mean higher satisfaction.”
bridging inferencenoun phrasetechnical
a connection a reader supplies using general world knowledge, when a text refers to something not explicitly introduced (সংযোগ-অনুমান)
Often with make a bridging inference, bridging inference required, rely on bridging inference
“Mentioning 'the engine' after 'the truck arrived' requires a bridging inference that the truck has one.”
Appears in Lesson 39
briefverbneutral
to give someone essential information before a task begins (সংক্ষিপ্ত নির্দেশনা দেওয়া)
Often with brief the team, brief on, thoroughly brief
“The supervisor briefs the crew on safety rules before every shift.”
Appears in Task 19
broadlyadverbformal
signals that a classification is high-level, and finer subcategories likely exist underneath it (বিস্তৃতভাবে)
Often with broadly speaking, broadly consistent, broadly similar
“Broadly, incidents fall into two groups: equipment faults and human error.”
Appears in Drill 57
burden of proofnoun phraseformal
the obligation to provide sufficient evidence for a claim before it is accepted (প্রমাণের দায়িত্ব)
Often with shift the burden of proof, bear the burden of proof, burden of proof lies
“The burden of proof lies with the claimant, who must show that the goods were damaged in transit.”
by means ofphraseformal
through the use of a specific method or tool (মাধ্যমে)
Often with by means of, achieved by means of, by means of a system
“Cargo is tracked by means of a barcode system.”
Appears in Drill 58
by no meansphraseformal
absolutely not; used to deny something firmly, more strongly than a plain 'not' (কোনোভাবেই না)
Often with by no means certain, by no means unusual, by no means all
“The outcome is by no means certain, despite the early positive results.”
Appears in Lesson 40
calibratedadjectivetechnical
carefully adjusted to match the actual strength of the available evidence (যথাযথভাবে সমন্বিত)
Often with well calibrated, carefully calibrated, calibrated response
“The ministry gave a calibrated response, stating what the data showed and no more.”
Appears in Lesson 33
calibrated readingnoun phrasecourse term
the practice of preserving an author's exact certainty level when restating their claim, neither strengthening nor weakening it (সুসমন্বিত পঠন)
Often with practise calibrated reading, calibrated reading of, careful calibrated reading
“Calibrated reading means restating 'may have contributed' as exactly that, not as 'caused'.”
Appears in Lesson 85
calibrationnountechnical
how well the strength of a stated conclusion matches the actual strength of the evidence behind it (সমন্বয়/ক্রমাঙ্কন)
Often with calibration of confidence, poor calibration, careful calibration
“Good calibration means the report says 'may' when evidence is weak and 'shows' when it is strong.”
Appears in Lesson 74
capabilitynounformal
the ability to do something, especially something requiring skill (সক্ষমতা)
Often with technical capability, build capability, capability to
“The upgrade will double the terminal's capability to handle refrigerated containers.”
capableadjectiveformal
having the ability or skill to do something (সক্ষম)
Often with capable of, fully capable, highly capable
“The new cranes are capable of lifting loads of up to sixty tonnes.”
Appears in Lesson 14
capacitynounneutral
the maximum amount something can hold, produce, or handle (ধারণক্ষমতা)
Often with operating capacity, at full capacity, capacity to
“The terminal is operating at ninety percent of its annual capacity.”
Appears in Lesson 22
carry implicationsphraseformal
to have further consequences or significance beyond the literal statement made (তাৎপর্য বহন করা)
Often with carry serious implications, carry implications for, carry wider implications
“The ruling carries implications for every carrier that uses the same standard contract.”
Appears in Lesson 44
carry-forward informationnoun phrasetechnical
the one idea from a completed section or chapter that will matter for understanding what comes next (পরবর্তী অংশের জন্য প্রাসঙ্গিক তথ্য)
Often with key carry-forward information, note the carry-forward information, carry-forward point
“Before starting the next chapter, note the one carry-forward idea: the author defines 'resilience' as recovery speed.”
carve outphrasal verbneutral
to deliberately exclude a specific case from a general rule (বাদ দেওয়া)
Often with carve out an exception, carve out from, deliberately carve out
“The rule applies to all cargo, except that we carve out perishable goods.”
Appears in Drill 68
case studynoun phraseneutral
a report of what happened in one specific instance, which supports a claim about that instance but not automatically a general claim (কেস স্টাডি)
Often with a case study, a case study of, use a case study
“The chapter uses a case study of one Asian port to illustrate a wider trend.”
Appears in Lesson 72
cataphoricadjectivetechnical
describing reference that points forward to something explained later in the text, rather than backward (সম্মুখমুখী নির্দেশনা)
Often with cataphoric reference, cataphoric pronoun, cataphoric use
“'Here is the problem: costs are rising' contains a cataphoric reference, since 'the problem' is explained afterwards.”
Appears in Lesson 39
causal mapnoun phrasecourse term
a diagram of what actually produced what, distinct from a timeline that only records the order events occurred in (কার্যকারণ মানচিত্র)
Often with draw a causal map, build a causal map, causal map of
“A causal map of the incident showed how a late pilot led to a missed tide and then a berth clash.”
Appears in Lesson 62
causal strength shiftnoun phrasecourse term
a change in the strength of causal language used for the same claim — such as from 'causes' to 'may partly explain' — across a text (কার্যকারণ শক্তির পরিবর্তন)
Often with a causal strength shift, notice a causal strength shift, causal strength shift from
“A causal strength shift, from 'causes' to 'may partly explain', signals weaker evidence.”
Appears in Lesson 83
causeverbneutral
to make something happen, usually something negative (কারণ হওয়া)
Often with cause a problem, cause delays, be caused by
“A misconfigured firewall rule caused the customer portal to go offline for two hours.”
cautiousadjectiveneutral
careful to avoid stating more than the evidence supports (সতর্ক)
Often with cautious approach, cautiously optimistic, be cautious about
“The analyst took a cautious view, noting that a single quarter of growth proves little.”
center of gravitynoun phraseformal
the single concept that most of a paragraph's sentences orbit around, even without being named directly (মূলকেন্দ্র)
Often with the paragraph's center of gravity, find the center of gravity, shift the center of gravity
“Although the paragraph mentions cost, safety is its center of gravity.”
Appears in Lesson 47
central questionnoun phraseformal
the underlying question a chapter is organised around answering, as distinct from its plain subject matter or topic (কেন্দ্রীয় প্রশ্ন)
Often with the central question, address the central question, central question of
“The chapter's central question is why some ports recover faster from disruption than others.”
Appears in Lesson 80
centre of gravitynoun phraseformal
the section or sections of a chapter that most directly support its final conclusion, regardless of how much space other sections occupy (মাধ্যাকর্ষণ কেন্দ্র)
Often with the centre of gravity, shift the centre of gravity, centre of gravity of
“The chapter's centre of gravity is section four, which contains the decisive evidence.”
Appears in Lesson 80
certaintynounformal
the state of being completely sure about something (নিশ্চয়তা)
Often with with certainty, absolute certainty, a degree of certainty
“No forecast can predict vessel arrival times with complete certainty.”
Appears in Lesson 17
challengeverbformal
to question whether something is true, right, or legitimate (প্রশ্নবিদ্ধ করা)
Often with challenge an assumption, challenge a decision, openly challenge
“The union challenged the new roster, arguing that it breached the agreed rest-hour limits.”
Appears in Lesson 11
changeverbneutral
to become different, or to make something different (পরিবর্তন করা/হওয়া)
Often with change significantly, change course, change the way
“Customs procedures have changed considerably since the single-window system was introduced.”
Appears in Lesson 5
chapter architecturenoun phraseformal
the overall structural pattern a chapter follows, often typical of its genre, such as problem → method → results → implications in scientific writing (অধ্যায়ের কাঠামো)
Often with clear chapter architecture, analyse chapter architecture, chapter architecture of
“A scientific paper's chapter architecture runs from problem to method to results to implications.”
Appears in Lesson 80
chapter relationshipnoun phraseformal
the specific logical connection — dependency, evidence, contrast, refinement, expansion — between one chapter and the one before it (অধ্যায় সম্পর্ক)
Often with identify the chapter relationship, chapter relationship between, logical chapter relationship
“The relationship between chapters three and four is refinement: the second narrows the first chapter's claim.”
Appears in Lesson 81
chapter spinenoun phraseneutral
the compressed sequence of a chapter's major ideas, without its supporting detail (অধ্যায়ের মূল কাঠামো)
Often with write the chapter spine, clear chapter spine, chapter spine of
“After reading, write the chapter spine in five short phrases.”
Appears in Lesson 48
cherry pickingnoun phraseneutral
selecting only the evidence that supports a preferred conclusion while leaving out evidence that doesn't (পছন্দসই তথ্য বাছাই)
Often with accused of cherry picking, cherry picking of data, avoid cherry picking
“The vendor's report showed only its best quarter, a clear case of cherry picking.”
Appears in Lesson 76
cherry-pickverbneutral
to select only the evidence that supports a desired conclusion, while ignoring contrary evidence (বেছে বেছে সুবিধাজনক তথ্য নেওয়া)
Often with cherry-pick data, accused of cherry-picking, cherry-pick the evidence
“The vendor cherry-picked its three best months and ignored the poor performance of the rest of the year.”
Appears in Lesson 33
chunkingnountechnical
processing a group of words as one meaningful unit rather than as separate words (গুচ্ছ প্রক্রিয়াকরণ)
Often with chunking of words, effective chunking, reading in chunks
“Chunking lets a reader take in 'as a result of the delay' as one unit, rather than six separate words.”
Appears in Lesson 46
circularadjectiveformal
(of a definition) explaining a term using a form of the same word, so nothing is actually explained (চক্রাকার)
Often with circular definition, circular argument, circular reasoning
“A circular definition explains 'efficiency' as 'being efficient'.”
Appears in Task 52
claimnounformal
a statement that something is true, made without proof being shown (দাবি)
Often with make a claim, dispute a claim, unsupported claim
“The supplier's claim that all shipments arrive within forty-eight hours is not supported by the delivery data.”
claim calibration scalenoun phrasecourse term
a three-tier ranking of claim wording (very strong, moderate, cautious) used to check that language matches the evidence (দাবি সমন্বয় স্কেল)
Often with apply the claim calibration scale, claim calibration scale of, use a claim calibration scale
“On the claim calibration scale, 'proves' is very strong, 'demonstrates' is moderate, and 'suggests' is cautious.”
Appears in Lesson 84
claim refinementnoun phrasecourse term
the process by which an author narrows a broad initial claim into a more precise, conditional one as evidence and complications accumulate (দাবির পরিমার্জন)
Often with show claim refinement, gradual claim refinement, claim refinement across
“Across the report, claim refinement turns 'automation cuts costs' into 'automation cuts costs at high-volume terminals'.”
Appears in Lesson 71
claim trajectorynoun phraseformal
the path a single claim's wording takes across a book, tracked across all its separate restatements rather than at one point alone (দাবির গতিপথ)
Often with trace the claim trajectory, claim trajectory across, claim trajectory of
“The claim trajectory runs from 'automation cuts costs' to 'automation cuts costs under specific conditions'.”
Appears in Lesson 83
classification criterionnoun phraseformal
the single dimension or standard used to sort items into categories (শ্রেণিবিন্যাসের মাপকাঠি)
Often with choose a classification criterion, single classification criterion, classification criterion for
“The classification criterion is vessel size, so ships are grouped by length regardless of cargo.”
Appears in Lesson 61
cleft sentencenoun phrasetechnical
a sentence deliberately split into two parts to place emphasis on one piece of information (গুরুত্ব আরোপকারী বিভাজিত বাক্যগঠন)
Often with cleft sentence structure, form a cleft sentence, it-cleft
“'It was the delay, not the cost, that ended the contract' is a cleft sentence that stresses the delay.”
cognitiveadjectivetechnical
relating to thinking, understanding, and mental processes (চিন্তা-সম্পর্কিত/বৌদ্ধিক)
Often with cognitive load, cognitive overload, cognitive bias
“Interface designers try to reduce cognitive load so that operators can act quickly under pressure.”
Appears in Lesson 20
coherencenounformal
the logical connection between a text's ideas, separate from its grammatical links (যৌক্তিক ধারাবাহিকতা)
Often with logical coherence, lack of coherence, coherent argument
“Although each sentence was grammatical, the memo lacked coherence, and readers could not follow its logic.”
cohesionnountechnical
the grammatical and lexical links that hold a text's sentences together (সংযুক্তি/সংহতি)
Often with lexical cohesion, textual cohesion, sense of cohesion
“The report lacks cohesion; its paragraphs read as separate notes rather than one argument.”
cohesiveadjectivetechnical
holding together through grammatical and lexical links, so a text reads as one connected whole (সংহত)
Often with cohesive text, cohesive device, highly cohesive
“The memo reads as cohesive because each sentence picks up an idea from the previous one.”
coincideverbformal
to happen at the same time as something else, without this alone proving a causal connection (একই সময়ে ঘটা)
Often with coincide with, happen to coincide, closely coincide
“The drop in bookings coincided with the introduction of the new fee schedule.”
Appears in Lesson 29
collaborationnounformal
the act of working together with others toward a shared goal (সহযোগিতা)
Often with in collaboration with, close collaboration, collaboration between
“The study was carried out in collaboration with three universities and the national shipping council.”
Appears in Lesson 18
colleaguenounneutral
a person you work with (সহকর্মী)
Often with a colleague from, work with colleagues, senior colleague
“A colleague from the finance team will join the review.”
collectively exhaustivephrasetechnical
describing a set of categories that together cover every relevant case, leaving nothing unclassified (সম্মিলিতভাবে সম্পূর্ণ)
Often with collectively exhaustive categories, mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, collectively exhaustive set
“The categories are collectively exhaustive: every incident fits into at least one of them.”
collocationnountechnical
a natural, frequent word combination whose meaning is best learned as a whole chunk (স্বাভাবিক শব্দ-সংযোগ)
Often with common collocation, natural collocation, collocation of
“'Heavy traffic' is a natural collocation in English, whereas 'strong traffic' sounds wrong.”
commitverbformal
to fully decide on something and follow through (প্রতিশ্রুতিবদ্ধ হওয়া)
Often with commit to a position, fully commit, commit to a view
“After conceding one point, commit to your real position.”
Appears in Drill 50
commitmentnounformal
the degree to which an author is willing to stand behind a claim as true (প্রতিশ্রুতি/দৃঢ়তা)
Often with level of commitment, strong commitment, commitment to
“The minister's public commitment to reduce emissions was backed by no budget.”
Appears in Lesson 28
communicateverbneutral
to share information or ideas with someone so that they understand (যোগাযোগ করা)
Often with communicate clearly, communicate with stakeholders, communicate a message
“During an incident, the on-call engineer must communicate status updates to management every thirty minutes.”
Appears in Lesson 1
comparativelyadverbformal
in relation to something else, rather than in an absolute sense (তুলনামূলকভাবে)
Often with comparatively low, comparatively speaking, comparatively new
“Compared with rival ports, the fees here are comparatively low.”
Appears in Lesson 27
compared withphraseneutral
introduces the baseline something is being measured against (তুলনায়)
Often with compared with, compared with last year, favourably compared with
“Compared with last year, waiting times have fallen by a fifth.”
Appears in Drill 60
comparison dimensionnoun phraseformal
the specific respect or criterion along which two things are being compared (তুলনার মাত্রা)
Often with choose a comparison dimension, key comparison dimension, along this comparison dimension
“The two terminals are compared along one dimension only: average truck waiting time.”
Appears in Lesson 60
comparison gapnoun phrasecourse term
the missing criterion in a claim that one option is 'better' than another, without which the comparison can't actually be judged (তুলনার শূন্যতা)
Often with a comparison gap, spot a comparison gap, comparison gap in
“Calling one system 'better' without naming a criterion leaves a comparison gap.”
Appears in Lesson 73
competing explanationnoun phraseformal
an alternative account of what caused an observed result, weighed against the author's initial or preferred explanation (প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বী ব্যাখ্যা)
Often with consider a competing explanation, rule out a competing explanation, competing explanation for
“A competing explanation for the fall in bookings is the new fee schedule, not the strike.”
Appears in Lesson 71
competitivenessnounformal
the ability to succeed or perform well against rivals in the same field (প্রতিযোগিতামূলক সক্ষমতা)
Often with improve competitiveness, global competitiveness, competitiveness of
“Reducing dwell time is central to the port's regional competitiveness.”
Appears in Lesson 22
complementnountechnical
a word that describes or renames the subject rather than receiving an action (পরিপূরক)
Often with subject complement, adjective complement, complement of the verb
“In 'The delay was unavoidable', the word 'unavoidable' is the complement that describes the subject.”
Appears in Task 1
complement clausenoun phrasetechnical
a that-clause stating the content of a preceding noun or verb, rather than identifying which one is meant (পরিপূরক বাক্যাংশ)
Often with that-complement clause, complement clause after a noun, complement clause with 'that'
“In 'The claim that costs fell is false', the words 'that costs fell' form a complement clause.”
Appears in Lesson 42
compressverbtechnical
to make something take up less space, or say something in fewer words (সংকুচিত করা)
Often with compress a file, compress the timeline, heavily compressed
“To meet the launch date, the team had to compress a six-month schedule into four.”
compress a paragraphphraseneutral
to reduce a paragraph to its essential claim and qualification in one sentence, without losing modality, scope, or attribution (অনুচ্ছেদ সংক্ষিপ্ত করা)
Often with compress a paragraph, compress into one sentence, compress without losing meaning
“To compress the paragraph, keep the main claim and its qualification and drop the examples.”
Appears in Lesson 47
comprisesverbformal
formal for 'consists of' or 'is made up of,' usually presenting a relatively complete composition (গঠিত হওয়া)
Often with comprises of, the group comprises, the report comprises
“The port authority comprises five departments, including finance, operations, and safety.”
Appears in Lesson 57
concedeverbformal
to admit that something is true, often before making a different point (স্বীকার করা)
Often with concede that, concede a point, willingly concede
“The writer concedes that the pilot was small.”
conceptnounneutral
a single main idea (ধারণা)
Often with a key concept, grasp a concept, basic concept
“Before the training began, staff had to grasp the concept of dwell time.”
Appears in Lesson 0
concept boundarynoun phraseformal
what a concept includes and excludes, as explicitly or implicitly defined by an author, which can itself expand or shift over a book (ধারণার সীমা)
Often with the concept boundary, expand the concept boundary, concept boundary of
“The author widens the concept boundary of 'delay' to include waiting outside the gate.”
Appears in Lesson 82
concept chainnoun phrasecourse term
a sequence of ideas connected by explicit relationships — cause, contrast, condition, consequence — tracing how one idea leads to the next (ধারণার শৃঙ্খল)
Often with build a concept chain, trace a concept chain, concept chain from
“The concept chain runs from late pilots to missed tides to berth clashes to costly delays.”
Appears in Lesson 86
concept evolutionnoun phraseformal
the way a term's underlying meaning changes — through expansion, narrowing, refinement, or reframing — as a book develops (ধারণার বিবর্তন)
Often with trace concept evolution, concept evolution across, gradual concept evolution
“Concept evolution is clear: 'resilience' begins as recovery speed and ends as adaptive capacity.”
Appears in Lesson 82
concept mapnoun phrasetechnical
a diagram showing how ideas relate to each other, as distinct from an argument map showing how evidence supports a conclusion (ধারণা মানচিত্র)
Often with draw a concept map, build a concept map, concept map of
“A concept map of the chapter shows how 'delay' links to 'congestion' and 'cost'.”
Appears in Lesson 80
concept refinementnoun phrasecourse term
the gradual expansion or narrowing of a key term's meaning as a chapter develops, from a first, simple definition to a fuller one (ধারণার পরিমার্জন)
Often with concept refinement across, gradual concept refinement, concept refinement of
“Through concept refinement, 'delay' begins as any lateness and ends as lateness beyond the agreed window.”
Appears in Lesson 80
conceptual anchornoun phraseformal
a term an author defines early and then reuses as a fixed reference point throughout the rest of the book (ধারণাগত ভিত্তি)
Often with serve as a conceptual anchor, key conceptual anchor, conceptual anchor of
“The term 'dwell time' serves as the book's conceptual anchor and reappears in every chapter.”
conceptual boundarynoun phraseformal
the line separating one concept from a closely related one (ধারণাগত সীমারেখা)
Often with blur the conceptual boundary, clear conceptual boundary, conceptual boundary between
“The article blurs the conceptual boundary between a delay and a cancellation.”
conceptual identitynoun phrasetechnical
the property of two differently worded expressions referring to the same underlying idea, verified by shared context, function, and causal role (ধারণাগত পরিচয়)
Often with conceptual identity, establish conceptual identity, conceptual identity of
“'Dwell time' and 'container waiting period' share conceptual identity: both name the same idea.”
Appears in Lesson 82
conceptual modelnoun phrasetechnical
a deliberately simplified representation of a complex system's elements and relationships, used for explanation or analysis (ধারণাগত মডেল)
Often with build a conceptual model, simple conceptual model, conceptual model of
“The authors propose a conceptual model linking staffing levels, error rates, and delays.”
Appears in Lesson 60
conceptual networknoun phraseformal
the full set of connections between a book's key concepts, showing how they relate to and depend on each other (ধারণাগত নেটওয়ার্ক)
Often with map the conceptual network, conceptual network of, complex conceptual network
“The conceptual network links 'dwell time', 'congestion', and 'cost' across all six chapters.”
Appears in Lesson 81
conceptual reframingnoun phraseformal
redefining how a problem or topic should be understood, rather than simply contrasting two options (ধারণাগত পুনর্গঠন)
Often with offer a conceptual reframing, useful conceptual reframing, conceptual reframing of
“The consultant's conceptual reframing treated congestion as a scheduling problem, not a capacity problem.”
Appears in Lesson 51
conceptual rolenoun phrasetechnical
the job a concept does in an argument at a given point, such as risk or resource, which can change while the concept stays the same (ধারণাগত ভূমিকা)
Often with conceptual role, change the conceptual role, conceptual role of
“Fuel cost plays the conceptual role of a risk in chapter two and of a constraint in chapter five.”
Appears in Lesson 82
conceptual turning pointnoun phraseformal
a moment in a text, often marked by phrases like 'however' or 'more precisely,' where a concept's meaning or framing visibly shifts (ধারণাগত মোড়)
Often with a conceptual turning point, mark a conceptual turning point, conceptual turning point in
“The phrase 'more precisely' marks a conceptual turning point in how the author uses 'risk'.”
Appears in Lesson 82
concessionnounformal
an author's acknowledgment that an opposing or limiting point has some validity (স্বীকৃতি)
Often with make a concession, grant a concession, important concession
“The union made a concession on overtime in exchange for guaranteed job security.”
Appears in Lesson 26, Lesson 27, Lesson 34, Lesson 42, Lesson 44, Lesson 69, Task 27, Task 34, Task 38, Drill 38
concessive conditionalnoun phrasetechnical
a conditional built with 'even if,' where the stated outcome holds regardless of whether the condition occurs (ছাড়যুক্ত শর্তবাক্য)
Often with a concessive conditional, form a concessive conditional, use of a concessive conditional
“'Even if prices fall, the project will proceed' is a concessive conditional.”
Appears in Lesson 67
concessive openingnoun phrasetechnical
a paragraph or sentence structure that grants a valid point before stating the author's actual, more important position (ছাড়যুক্ত সূচনা)
Often with a concessive opening, begin with a concessive opening, concessive opening such as
“'Although the cost is high...' is a concessive opening that grants a point before the main claim.”
Appears in Lesson 78
conclusionnounformal
a judgment reached after considering the evidence (সিদ্ধান্ত/উপসংহার)
Often with reach a conclusion, draw a conclusion, in conclusion
“The review reached the conclusion that the delay was caused by poor communication, not equipment failure.”
Appears in Lesson 8
concurrentadjectiveformal
happening at the same time as something else (সমসাময়িক)
Often with concurrent events, run concurrently, concurrent changes
“Three concurrent changes were introduced in March, so no single one can be credited with the improvement.”
conditionnounformal
a requirement that must be met for something else to be true or to happen (শর্ত)
Often with on condition that, meet the conditions, necessary condition
“The loan was approved on condition that the terminal complete its safety upgrade within a year.”
conditionaladjectiveformal
true only under a certain condition, not universally (শর্তসাপেক্ষ)
Often with conditional claim, conditional approval, conditional on
“The thesis is conditional: it holds only for large terminals.”
Appears in Drill 81
conditional claimnoun phrasetechnical
a claim that holds only if a stated condition is met, which becomes an overgeneralisation the moment the condition is dropped (শর্তাধীন দাবি)
Often with a conditional claim, state a conditional claim, conditional claim about
“'Automation pays off if volumes exceed a million containers' is a conditional claim.”
Appears in Lesson 85
conditional final positionnoun phraseformal
an author's end-of-book claim stated as holding only under specified conditions, rather than as an unconditional, universal statement (শর্তাধীন চূড়ান্ত অবস্থান)
Often with reach a conditional final position, conditional final position of, state a conditional final position
“The book's conditional final position is that automation pays off only above a certain volume.”
Appears in Lesson 83
conditional forecastnoun phrasetechnical
a prediction about the future that only holds if a stated condition or assumption is met (শর্তসাপেক্ষ পূর্বাভাস)
Often with give a conditional forecast, conditional forecast of, conditional forecast based on
“The report gives a conditional forecast: volumes will grow four percent if the canal stays open.”
Appears in Lesson 66
conductverbformal
to carry out or organize an activity (পরিচালনা করা)
Often with conduct a study, conduct an audit, conduct an inspection
“The port authority will conduct an unannounced safety inspection of all bulk-handling sites this quarter.”
Appears in Lesson 11
confidencenounneutral
a feeling of trust in your own ability to do something (আত্মবিশ্বাস)
Often with have confidence in, lack confidence, confidence in
“Consistent on-time delivery has given customers greater confidence in the terminal.”
confirmverbneutral
to state or show that something is definitely true (নিশ্চিত করা)
Often with confirm receipt, officially confirm, confirm that
“The agent confirmed that the vessel would arrive on Tuesday's morning tide.”
conflict of interestnoun phraseformal
a situation in which a source's financial or personal interest points in the same direction as its stated conclusion, warranting extra scrutiny (স্বার্থের দ্বন্দ্ব)
Often with declare a conflict of interest, potential conflict of interest, avoid a conflict of interest
“The consultant declared a conflict of interest because her firm had bid for the contract.”
Appears in Lesson 76
conflicting evidencenoun phraseformal
evidence that points in a different or opposite direction from an argument's main supporting evidence (পরস্পরবিরোধী প্রমাণ)
Often with conflicting evidence, weigh conflicting evidence, face conflicting evidence
“The panel faced conflicting evidence: gate logs showed delays, while driver surveys reported none.”
Appears in Lesson 74
confoundverbformal
to make it hard to tell which of two things happening together is actually the cause (জটিল করে তোলা)
Often with confound the results, confounded by, confound the analysis
“Weather can confound the comparison, because it changes both variables.”
Appears in Drill 56
confoundernountechnical
a factor that changes alongside the proposed cause, making it hard to isolate the cause's real effect (বিভ্রান্তিকর উপাদান)
Often with control for a confounder, potential confounder, hidden confounder
“Seasonal demand is a confounder: it raises both staffing and volumes, so it can distort the comparison.”
Appears in Lesson 32
confoundingadjectivetechnical
describing a factor that changes alongside the proposed cause, making it hard to isolate which one produced the observed effect (বিভ্রান্তিকর)
Often with confounding factor, confounding effect, confounding variable
“Unusually good weather was a confounding factor that inflated the trial's results.”
Appears in Lesson 56
confounding factornoun phrasetechnical
something else that changed at the same time as the thing you're crediting, making the true cause hard to isolate (বিভ্রান্তিকর উপাদান)
Often with control for a confounding factor, possible confounding factor, identify a confounding factor
“Weather is a confounding factor that affects both delays and productivity.”
Appears in Task 56
confounding variablenoun phrasetechnical
a third factor connected to both a cause and an effect, making it unclear which one is truly responsible (বিভ্রান্তিকর চলক)
Often with control for a confounding variable, potential confounding variable
“Seasonal demand is a confounding variable: it raises both staffing levels and container volumes.”
confused withphraseneutral
mistaken for something else because the two seem similar (বিভ্রান্ত হওয়া)
Often with be confused with, easily confused with, often confused with
“'Delay' is often confused with 'cancellation', but they are different.”
Appears in Drill 52
congestionnounneutral
a state of being overcrowded or blocked, slowing normal movement (যানজট/জটলা)
Often with traffic congestion, port congestion, relieve congestion
“Port congestion pushed average vessel waiting time to almost four days.”
Appears in Lesson 22
consequencenounformal
a result of an action, often an unwelcome one (ফলাফল/পরিণতি)
Often with serious consequences, consequence of, face the consequences
“One consequence of the delay was a penalty clause payment of forty thousand dollars.”
consequentlyadverbformal
as a result of something just mentioned (ফলস্বরূপ)
Often with consequently, consequently the, and consequently
“The pilot was delayed; consequently, the launch moved to March.”
Appears in Task 51
considerverbformal
to think carefully about something before making a decision (বিবেচনা করা)
Often with consider the options, seriously consider, consider whether
“The committee will consider three bids before appointing a dredging contractor.”
Appears in Lesson 1
considerableadjectiveformal
large in amount, size, or degree (যথেষ্ট/উল্লেখযোগ্য)
Often with considerable effort, considerable amount, considerable savings
“Moving to cloud hosting produced considerable savings on data-centre costs.”
Appears in Lesson 9
considerablyadverbformal
to a large or significant degree (উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে)
Often with considerably higher, considerably improve, differ considerably
“Costs rose considerably during the second half of the year.”
Appears in Lesson 50
considerationnounformal
careful thought given to something before a decision is made (বিবেচনা)
Often with give consideration to, careful consideration, under consideration
“The proposal is under consideration and will be discussed at next month's board meeting.”
Appears in Lesson 18
consistent withcollocationformal
fitting reasonably well with a piece of evidence or explanation, without fully confirming it (সামঞ্জস্যপূর্ণ)
Often with consistent with the evidence, broadly consistent, entirely consistent with
“The damage pattern is consistent with a collision at low speed, not a structural failure.”
consists ofphraseformal
presents a relatively complete, closed description of what something is made up of (গঠিত হওয়া)
Often with consists of, the team consists of, consists of three parts
“The terminal consists of four berths and two storage yards.”
Appears in Drill 57
constraintnounformal
a real limit on what is possible, separate from a rule's exclusions (সীমাবদ্ধতা)
Often with budget constraint, time constraint, work within constraints
“The main constraint is that the berth is free only at night.”
Appears in Drill 68
constructverbformal
to build or put something together (নির্মাণ করা)
Often with construct a terminal, construct an argument, newly constructed
“The consortium will construct a deep-water berth capable of handling the largest container ships.”
Appears in Lesson 13
construct validitynoun phrasetechnical
the degree to which a measurement actually represents the concept it claims to measure (গঠন বৈধতা)
Often with high construct validity, question construct validity, construct validity of
“The survey has weak construct validity: it measures speed but claims to measure quality.”
Appears in Lesson 75
contextnounformal
the situation or surrounding circumstances that help explain what something means (প্রসঙ্গ)
Often with in context, in the context of, political context
“Taken out of context, the manager's comment about cutting costs sounded far harsher than intended.”
Appears in Lesson 6
context cluenoun phrasetechnical
a word or phrase nearby that signals a term's intended meaning (প্রসঙ্গ-সংকেত)
Often with use a context clue, helpful context clue, context clue for
“The phrase 'after five days' is a context clue that 'demurrage' is a charge for delay.”
Appears in Drill 36
contingent onadjective phraseformal
dependent on a specified condition, typically a strong dependency signal in formal or business writing (শর্তসাপেক্ষ)
Often with be contingent on, entirely contingent on, contingent on approval
“The loan is contingent on the terminal passing its safety audit.”
Appears in Lesson 67
contrastnounformal
a clear difference between two things (বৈপরীত্য)
Often with in contrast, stark contrast, contrast with
“In contrast to last year, the terminal handled record volumes without a single berthing delay.”
Appears in Lesson 8
contribute tophrasal verbformal
to act as one of several factors that help cause something, without being the sole cause (অবদান রাখা)
Often with contribute to a decline, contribute significantly, partly contribute to
“Understaffing contributed to the delays, but it was not the only cause.”
Appears in Lesson 21, Lesson 24, Lesson 45, Task 24, Drill 45
contributing causenoun phrasetechnical
one factor among several that helps produce an outcome, as distinct from its sole cause (আংশিক কারণ)
Often with a contributing cause, identify a contributing cause, contributing cause of
“Fatigue was a contributing cause of the accident, but not the only one.”
Appears in Lesson 69
convergeverbformal
when separate, independent pieces of evidence point to the same conclusion (একত্রিত হওয়া)
Often with converge on, findings converge, evidence converges
“Three independent studies converge on the same conclusion.”
Appears in Task 75
coordinationnountechnical
joining two grammatically equal units, such as two independent clauses, with and/but/or/so (সমন্বয়)
Often with coordination of clauses, coordinate clause, coordination with 'and'
“'The vessel arrived and the crew disembarked' uses coordination, joining two equal clauses with 'and'.”
Appears in Lesson 42
correlate withverbtechnical
to show a statistical pattern of occurring together, without this proving causation (পারস্পরিক সম্পর্ক দেখানো)
Often with strongly correlate with, positively correlate with, correlate closely
“Waiting time at the gate correlates with the number of trucks arriving during the noon peak.”
Appears in Lesson 24
cost-effectiveadjectiveformal
offering good value or outcome relative to cost, which is a different claim from simply being cheap (ব্যয়সাশ্রয়ী)
Often with cost-effective solution, highly cost-effective, cost-effective way
“Predictive maintenance proved cost-effective, saving more in repairs than it cost to install.”
Appears in Lesson 65
counterargumentnounformal
a position that opposes or challenges the author's main claim, often voiced by the author before being answered (প্রতিতর্ক)
Often with raise a counterargument, address a counterargument, strong counterargument
“The author anticipates a counterargument about cost before presenting the long-term savings.”
counterexamplenountechnical
an example that contradicts a universal or general claim, limiting how far that claim can reach (প্রতি-উদাহরণ)
Often with provide a counterexample, a single counterexample, counterexample to
“One counterexample, a port that grew without automation, weakens the claim that automation is essential.”
Appears in Lesson 59
counterfactualadjectivetechnical
describing a hypothetical situation contrary to what actually happened, used to test a causal claim (বাস্তবতার বিপরীত অনুমানভিত্তিক)
Often with counterfactual scenario, counterfactual analysis, counterfactual reasoning
“The counterfactual question is what would have happened to waiting times if the new gate had never been built.”
counterfactual conditionalnoun phrasetechnical
a conditional sentence that imagines an alternative past that did not actually happen (বাস্তবতা-বিরোধী শর্তবাক্য)
Often with a counterfactual conditional, form a counterfactual conditional, counterfactual conditional about
“'If the alarm had sounded, the collision would have been avoided' is a counterfactual conditional.”
Appears in Lesson 67
counterfactual questionnoun phrasetechnical
asking what evidence would be expected to appear if a claimed explanation were actually false, as a test of that explanation (বৈপরীত্যমূলক প্রশ্ন)
Often with ask a counterfactual question, useful counterfactual question, counterfactual question about
“A useful counterfactual question is what the data would show if the new system had no effect.”
Appears in Lesson 76
credibleadjectiveformal
able to be believed, typically because it is supported by reasonable evidence (বিশ্বাসযোগ্য)
Often with credible source, highly credible, credible threat
“The regulator treated the whistleblower's account as credible because it matched the company's own records.”
criterionnounformal
the single rule or standard a classification is built on (মানদণ্ড)
Often with classification criterion, meet the criterion, single criterion
“The criterion for the classification is vessel size.”
deadlinenounneutral
the latest time by which something must be finished (নির্দিষ্ট সময়সীমা)
Often with meet a deadline, tight deadline, miss the deadline
“We must meet the deadline for filing the customs declaration.”
Appears in Drill 14
decentralizeverbformal
to shift authority or decision-making away from a single central point toward local units (বিকেন্দ্রীকরণ করা)
Often with decentralize decision-making, partly decentralize, decentralize authority
“The authority decided to decentralize purchasing so that each terminal could order urgent spares.”
Appears in Lesson 27
decideverbneutral
to choose one option after thinking about the alternatives (সিদ্ধান্ত নেওয়া)
Often with decide between, decide whether, decide to proceed
“The board will decide whether to extend the lease at its next quarterly meeting.”
Appears in Lesson 1
decisionnounneutral
a choice made after considering the options (সিদ্ধান্ত)
Often with make a decision, a final decision, decision-making process
“The harbour master's decision to delay departure was based on the updated weather report.”
Appears in Lesson 1
decorationnouncourse term
the extra modifiers wrapped around a sentence's core; informal course shorthand (অলঙ্করণ)
Often with strip away the decoration, remove the decoration, decoration around the core
“Strip away the decoration and the core is simply: the committee approved the plan.”
Appears in Task 2
deductionnounformal
a conclusion reached through logical reasoning from available evidence, rather than direct observation (যুক্তিসিদ্ধ সিদ্ধান্ত)
Often with logical deduction, make a deduction, deduction from
“From the timestamps, the investigator made the deduction that the alarm had been ignored.”
Appears in Lesson 28
defensibleadjectiveformal
able to be reasonably supported or argued for (যুক্তিসঙ্গতভাবে রক্ষণযোগ্য)
Often with defensible position, defensible claim, highly defensible
“The narrower claim is defensible; the original was not.”
Appears in Drill 83
definition gapnoun phrasecourse term
an argument weakness arising from a key term being defined more narrowly than the claim built on it requires (সংজ্ঞাগত শূন্যতা)
Often with a definition gap, spot a definition gap, definition gap in
“A definition gap arose because 'delay' was defined as two hours, yet the conclusion covered all lateness.”
Appears in Lesson 73
definition trackingnoun phrasecourse term
the practice of noting a concept's initial, contextual, and final definitions separately, rather than assuming the first one holds throughout (সংজ্ঞা অনুসরণ)
Often with practise definition tracking, definition tracking across, careful definition tracking
“Definition tracking showed that 'efficiency' meant speed in chapter one but cost in chapter four.”
Appears in Lesson 82
degreenounneutral
how strong or weak a quality is (মাত্রা)
Often with to a large degree, degree of certainty, degree of risk
“The email states the degree of certainty clearly: 'almost certainly delayed'.”
Appears in Task 9
degree modifiernoun phrasetechnical
a word like partly, primarily, solely, largely, or entirely that scales how much of an outcome a stated cause is responsible for (মাত্রা নির্দেশক)
Often with choose a degree modifier, degree modifier such as, watch the degree modifier
“'Partly' is a degree modifier: 'partly caused by weather' credits weather with only some of the delay.”
Appears in Lesson 85
delaynounneutral
a period of time by which something is made later than expected (বিলম্ব)
Often with cause a delay, unavoidable delay, delay in delivery
“A delay in customs clearance pushed delivery back by two days.”
deliberateadjectiveformal
done on purpose, slowly and carefully (ইচ্ছাকৃত)
Often with deliberate pause, deliberate choice, deliberately slow
“A deliberate pause before the key figure makes it stand out.”
Appears in Drill 46
demonstrateverbformal
to show clearly that something is true or possible (প্রদর্শন করা/প্রমাণ করা)
Often with clearly demonstrate, demonstrate the ability, demonstrate that
“The pilot demonstrated that automated lashing could be done safely at full operating speed.”
Appears in Lesson 9
densitynounformal
how much information is packed into a small space (ঘনত্ব)
Often with information density, high density, density of information
“The report's density made it hard to read quickly.”
Appears in Task 46
dependverbneutral
to be decided or controlled by something else (নির্ভর করা)
Often with depend on, largely depend, it depends whether
“Whether the vessel sails on schedule depends on the weather report and pilot availability.”
Appears in Lesson 2
dependent clausenountechnical
a clause with its own subject and verb that cannot stand alone as a full sentence (অধীন খণ্ডবাক্য)
Often with begin a dependent clause, dependent clause with because, attach a dependent clause
“In 'Because the crane failed, the vessel waited', the first clause is a dependent clause.”
Appears in Task 4
depends onphraseneutral
a spoken pivot phrase for introducing the hidden assumption an argument relies on (নির্ভর করে)
Often with it depends on, largely depends on, entirely depends on
“Our forecast depends on the assumption that fuel prices stay flat.”
Appears in Drill 31
describeverbneutral
to say what something is like or how it happens (বর্ণনা করা)
Often with describe how, briefly describe, describe in detail
“The incident report describes how the forklift entered the restricted zone without authorisation.”
Appears in Lesson 4
designed tophraseneutral
states an intended purpose, which does not by itself prove the outcome was actually achieved (উদ্দেশ্যে তৈরি)
Often with be designed to, designed to reduce, designed to prevent
“The new checklist is designed to reduce errors, though the trial has not yet shown that it does.”
Appears in Lesson 58
despiteprepositionformal
in spite of something, followed directly by a noun rather than a full clause (সত্ত্বেও)
Often with despite the delay, despite the fact that, despite this
“Despite the storm, the vessel berthed on time.”
Appears in Drill 27
detail hierarchynoun phrasecourse term
a layered structure, from system down to value, for organising dense technical information by level of generality (বিস্তারিত ক্রমপর্যায়)
Often with build a detail hierarchy, layered detail hierarchy, detail hierarchy of
“A detail hierarchy sorts technical information from system to component to function to value.”
Appears in Lesson 87
determineverbformal
to decide or establish something officially, or to be the deciding factor (নির্ধারণ করা)
Often with determine the cause, determine eligibility, largely determined by
“The inquiry aims to determine why the fire-suppression system failed to activate.”
Appears in Lesson 2
developverbneutral
to grow, or to help something grow, into a more advanced form (বিকশিত করা)
Often with develop a strategy, develop skills, develop rapidly
“The company plans to develop a mobile app that lets drivers book gate slots in advance.”
dimensionnounformal
the specific respect or criterion a comparison is being made along, such as speed, cost, or reliability (মাত্রা)
Often with along one dimension, key dimension, comparison dimension
“The two ports are compared along one dimension: waiting time.”
Appears in Task 60
direct conceptual processingnoun phrasecourse term
building meaning straight from English concepts to their relationships, without an intermediate translation into another language (সরাসরি ধারণাগত প্রক্রিয়াকরণ)
Often with practise direct conceptual processing, direct conceptual processing of English, rely on direct conceptual processing
“Direct conceptual processing means understanding 'dwell time' as an idea, not translating it word by word.”
Appears in Lesson 86
disciplinenounformal
a specific field or branch of academic study, each with its own technical vocabulary (জ্ঞানশাখা)
Often with academic discipline, across disciplines, in the discipline of
“The term 'bias' means something different in statistics than in ordinary conversation, because each discipline defines it its own way.”
Appears in Lesson 36
discontinuousadjectivetechnical
describing a sentence structure whose parts are separated by inserted material rather than placed next to each other (অবিচ্ছিন্নভাবে বিভক্ত গঠন)
Often with discontinuous structure, discontinuous phrase, discontinuous dependency
“In 'The report, though late, was thorough', the subject and verb form a discontinuous structure split by an insertion.”
Appears in Lesson 37
discoververbneutral
to find or learn something for the first time (আবিষ্কার করা)
Often with discover a flaw, discover that, recently discovered
“Auditors discovered that fourteen invoices had been paid twice in the same month.”
Appears in Lesson 5
dismissiveadjectiveformal
treating something, often an opposing view, as unworthy of serious consideration (উপেক্ষাপূর্ণ)
Often with dismissive attitude, dismissive of, dismissive tone
“The director's dismissive reply to the safety complaint damaged morale on the shop floor.”
Appears in Lesson 35
disruptionnounformal
an event that interrupts a normal process or system (বিঘ্ন/ব্যাঘাত)
Often with supply chain disruption, cause disruption, minimise disruption
“The cyberattack caused major disruption to cargo release for three days.”
Appears in Lesson 23
distancing languagenoun phrasetechnical
wording (claims, allegedly, has yet to show) that signals the writer isn't fully vouching for a reported claim (দূরত্ব সৃষ্টিকারী ভাষা)
Often with use distancing language, distancing language such as, signal with distancing language
“'Allegedly' is distancing language: the writer does not vouch for the claim.”
distinctadjectiveformal
clearly different from something else, not overlapping (স্বতন্ত্র)
Often with distinct from, clearly distinct, two distinct categories
“Safety and security are distinct concepts.”
Appears in Task 49
distinguishverbformal
to recognise the difference between two things (পার্থক্য করা)
Often with distinguish between, clearly distinguish, hard to distinguish
“Customs officers must distinguish between personal effects and goods intended for resale.”
Appears in Lesson 10
distributed main ideanoun phrasecourse term
a paragraph's central meaning built from several sentences together, with no single sentence stating it in full (বিস্তৃত মূলভাব)
Often with a distributed main idea, find the distributed main idea, distributed main idea across
“The distributed main idea emerges only when all four sentences are read together.”
Appears in Lesson 87
distributed thesisnoun phrasecourse term
a thesis built up gradually across many chapters rather than stated completely in the book's opening pages (বিস্তৃত অভিসন্দর্ভ)
Often with a distributed thesis, build a distributed thesis, distributed thesis across
“The author builds a distributed thesis, so no single chapter states the complete argument.”
Appears in Lesson 81
distributionnounformal
the process of delivering goods to where they're needed (বিতরণ)
Often with distribution centre, distribution network, distribution of goods
“The company's distribution network covers twelve regional warehouses.”
Appears in Task 20
does not necessarilyphraseformal
rejects certainty about an outcome without denying that it could still occur (অগত্যা নয়)
Often with does not necessarily mean, does not necessarily follow, not necessarily the case
“A high price does not necessarily indicate high quality.”
Appears in Lesson 50
domain-specificadjectivetechnical
having a meaning or use that is particular to one specialized field, rather than general usage (ক্ষেত্র-নির্দিষ্ট)
Often with domain-specific knowledge, domain-specific term, domain-specific language
“'Berth window' is domain-specific language that outsiders may not understand.”
Appears in Lesson 53
dose-responsenoun phrasetechnical
a pattern in which a larger amount of a proposed cause is associated with a larger effect (মাত্রা-প্রতিক্রিয়া সম্পর্ক)
Often with dose-response relationship, dose-response pattern, dose-response curve
“A dose-response pattern appeared: the more overtime staff worked, the more errors they made.”
Appears in Lesson 33
double negative conditionalnoun phrasecourse term
a conditional sentence built from two negatives, such as 'will not… unless,' that must be untangled before its logical direction becomes clear (দ্বি-নেতিবাচক শর্তবাক্য)
Often with untangle a double negative conditional, a double negative conditional, read a double negative conditional
“'You will not be paid unless the form is signed' is a double negative conditional: it means the form must be signed.”
Appears in Lesson 68
dummy subjectnoun phrasetechnical
a grammatical placeholder subject, such as 'it' or 'there', that carries no meaning of its own (অর্থহীন কাঠামোগত কর্তা)
Often with dummy subject 'it', use a dummy subject, dummy subject 'there'
“In 'It is likely that costs will rise', the word 'it' is a dummy subject and refers to nothing.”
Appears in Lesson 37
durationnounformal
the length of time something lasts, as distinct from how often it happens (স্থিতিকাল)
Often with the duration of, for the duration of, average duration
“The average duration of a berth stay fell from three days to two.”
Appears in Lesson 62
earned conclusionnoun phraseformal
a conclusion whose certainty and scope are properly matched to the strength and scope of its supporting evidence (অর্জিত সিদ্ধান্ত)
Often with reach an earned conclusion, an earned conclusion, earned conclusion from
“The book's final position is an earned conclusion because its wording matches its evidence.”
Appears in Lesson 84
edge casenoun phrasetechnical
an unusual or extreme situation not covered by a system's normal, everyday behavior (প্রান্তিক পরিস্থিতি)
Often with handle an edge case, rare edge case, edge case scenario
“The billing system failed on an edge case: a container moved between two vessels on the same day.”
effectnounformal
a change produced by something else (প্রভাব/ফলাফল)
Often with effect on, adverse effect, side effect
“The strike had a serious effect on export deliveries during the peak season.”
effectiveadjectiveformal
producing the result that was intended (কার্যকর)
Often with highly effective, cost-effective, effective communication
“A short daily briefing proved more effective than a long weekly report at preventing yard incidents.”
Appears in Lesson 1
eligibilitynounformal
the state of having met the requirements to qualify for something, distinct from having formally received it (যোগ্যতা)
Often with eligibility criteria, check eligibility, determine eligibility
“Eligibility for the rebate depends on the vessel's annual call count.”
Appears in Lesson 67
ellipsisnountechnical
the deliberate omission of words that are recoverable from context (উহ্যকরণ)
Often with use ellipsis, ellipsis in, elliptical structure
“In 'Some crews arrived early; others, late', ellipsis removes the repeated verb 'arrived'.”
embedverbtechnical
to place one grammatical unit, such as a clause, inside another so it functions as part of the larger structure (অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা)
Often with embed a clause, deeply embedded, embedded within
“The writer embedded a relative clause inside the main clause, making the sentence longer but still grammatical.”
Appears in Lesson 42
embedded clausenoun phrasetechnical
a clause placed inside another clause, usually modifying one of its nouns (অন্তর্ভুক্ত বাক্যাংশ)
Often with embedded clause, place an embedded clause, embedded relative clause
“In 'The report that the auditor wrote was long', 'that the auditor wrote' is an embedded clause.”
Appears in Task 42
embedded questionnoun phrasetechnical
a question folded into a clause using whether/how/why, functioning as a noun within a larger sentence (অন্তর্ভুক্ত প্রশ্ন)
Often with form an embedded question, embedded question word order, use an embedded question
“'The audit asked how the error had occurred' contains an embedded question with statement word order.”
Appears in Lesson 42
emphasisnounformal
the relative weight or importance given to a particular part of a statement (গুরুত্ব)
Often with place emphasis on, strong emphasis, shift the emphasis
“The report puts more emphasis on cost than on safety.”
Appears in Task 76
emphasizeverbformal
to give special importance to something (জোর দেওয়া)
Often with emphasize the importance, strongly emphasize, emphasize that
“In the briefing, the safety lead emphasized that no one should enter the yard without a radio.”
encourageverbformal
to make someone more likely to do something (উৎসাহিত করা)
Often with encourage staff, strongly encourage, encourage to
“The company encourages drivers to book slots in advance.”
Appears in Drill 23
engagementnounformal
active involvement or interest in something (সম্পৃক্ততা)
Often with stakeholder engagement, level of engagement, employee engagement
“Stakeholder engagement improved after the port began holding quarterly briefings for shipping agents.”
Appears in Lesson 23
entrynounneutral
an item of information entered into a record or system (এন্ট্রি/তথ্য লিপিবদ্ধকরণ)
Often with make an entry, log entry, data entry
“The clerk corrected the entry in the cargo register.”
Appears in Drill 16
epistemic uncertaintynoun phrasetechnical
uncertainty that exists because of missing or limited information, rather than because the world itself is unpredictable (জ্ঞানভিত্তিক অনিশ্চয়তা)
Often with epistemic uncertainty, reduce epistemic uncertainty, source of epistemic uncertainty
“The forecast carries epistemic uncertainty because only six months of data were available.”
Appears in Lesson 66
equipmentnounneutral
the tools or machines needed for a particular task (সরঞ্জাম)
Often with safety equipment, heavy equipment, piece of equipment
“All protective equipment must be inspected before use.”
Appears in Task 19
equivocationnountechnical
using the same word with two different meanings within one argument, creating a false logical connection (দ্ব্যর্থক শব্দ ব্যবহারজনিত ভ্রান্তি)
Often with commit equivocation, deliberate equivocation, fallacy of equivocation
“The argument commits equivocation by using 'security' first to mean safety and then to mean job stability.”
Appears in Lesson 36
eraseverbneutral
to accidentally remove a hedge, condition, or disagreement while combining information (মুছে ফেলা)
Often with erase a distinction, erase the hedge, accidentally erase
“A careless summary can erase the hedge in the original claim.”
Appears in Task 86
errornounneutral
a mistake, especially one made carelessly (ভুল)
Often with human error, correct an error, error in
“An error in the manifest delayed the release of two containers.”
Appears in Task 18
establishverbformal
to show something to be true through solid evidence (প্রতিষ্ঠিত করা)
Often with establish a fact, establish a link, firmly established
“The inquiry established that the alarm had been switched off before the incident.”
Appears in Lesson 16
euphemismnounformal
a milder or softer expression substituted for one considered harsh or unpleasant (মৃদুকরণ/নরম প্রতিশব্দ)
Often with use a euphemism, polite euphemism, euphemism for
“'Rightsizing' is a euphemism for reducing headcount.”
Appears in Lesson 34
evaluateverbformal
to judge the value or quality of something carefully (মূল্যায়ন করা)
Often with evaluate options, critically evaluate, evaluate performance
“Before awarding the contract, the panel evaluated each bidder on price, safety record, and delivery time.”
evaluation criterionnoun phraseformal
the specific standard or dimension — cost, speed, reliability, and so on — against which something is judged (মূল্যায়নের মানদণ্ড)
Often with evaluation criteria, choose an evaluation criterion, single evaluation criterion
“Reliability was the main evaluation criterion, ahead of price and speed.”
Appears in Lesson 65
evaluation matrixnoun phrasetechnical
a structured comparison of several options against several criteria at once (মূল্যায়ন ম্যাট্রিক্স)
Often with build an evaluation matrix, complete the evaluation matrix, evaluation matrix of
“The panel filled in an evaluation matrix comparing four suppliers across six criteria.”
Appears in Lesson 65
evaluativeadjectivetechnical
expressing a judgment of quality or worth, rather than a neutral description (মূল্যায়নমূলক)
Often with evaluative language, evaluative tone, evaluative judgment
“Words like 'disastrous' and 'impressive' are evaluative; they judge rather than describe.”
Appears in Lesson 35
evaluative adjectivenoun phrasetechnical
a descriptive word that carries a judgment of quality or worth rather than neutral description, such as 'wisely' or 'reckless' (মূল্যায়নমূলক বিশেষণ)
Often with use an evaluative adjective, loaded evaluative adjective, evaluative adjective such as
“'Reckless' is an evaluative adjective; 'unapproved' would be a neutral description.”
Appears in Lesson 77
evasiveadjectiveformal
deliberately vague in order to avoid giving a direct answer (অস্পষ্ট)
Often with evasive answer, sound evasive, evasive reply
“A hedge should be honest, not evasive: say how sure you are and why.”
Appears in Drill 85
evidencenounformal
facts or information that show whether something is true (প্রমাণ)
Often with strong evidence, evidence suggests, provide evidence
“There is little evidence that longer shifts improve productivity once fatigue is taken into account.”
evidence boundarynoun phrasecourse term
the exact limits — population, time period, measured variable — within which a piece of evidence actually applies (প্রমাণের সীমা)
Often with define the evidence boundary, stay within the evidence boundary, evidence boundary of
“The evidence boundary is limited to export cargo in 2023, so it says nothing about imports.”
Appears in Lesson 74
evidence densitynoun phrasetechnical
a concentration of several pieces of evidence appearing together, usually signaling strong authorial support for one specific claim (প্রমাণের ঘনত্ব)
Often with high evidence density, evidence density in, cluster of evidence
“A cluster of three studies in one paragraph signals high evidence density and a claim the author cares about.”
Appears in Lesson 48
evidence effectnoun phrasecourse term
the way a piece of evidence changes an argument: supporting, complicating, limiting, contradicting, or reframing it (প্রমাণের প্রভাব)
Often with assess the evidence effect, evidence effect of, identify the evidence effect
“The evidence effect of the second study was to limit the claim, not to strengthen it.”
Appears in Lesson 83
evidence strengthnoun phraseformal
how confidently a piece of evidence is reported, signaled by the reporting verb used (suggests, demonstrates, proves) (প্রমাণের দৃঢ়তা)
Often with assess evidence strength, weak evidence strength, evidence strength signalled by
“The verb 'suggests' indicates weaker evidence strength than 'proves'.”
Appears in Lesson 47
evidence sufficiencynoun phraseformal
whether the amount and quality of evidence available is actually enough to support a specific conclusion (প্রমাণের পর্যাপ্ততা)
Often with assess evidence sufficiency, evidence sufficiency for, question evidence sufficiency
“The auditors questioned evidence sufficiency, since only three invoices were sampled.”
Appears in Lesson 74
evidence tiernoun phrasecourse term
one of three levels (established, reasonably supported, plausible but uncertain) for sorting claims by the strength of their evidence (প্রমাণের স্তর)
Often with classify by evidence tier, top evidence tier, evidence tier of
“The author sorts claims into three evidence tiers, from firmly established to merely plausible.”
Appears in Lesson 85
evidence weightnoun phrasetechnical
how much confidence a particular kind or source of evidence deserves, ranging roughly from anecdote to replicated, converging findings (প্রমাণের ওজন)
Often with give more evidence weight, evidence weight of, assess evidence weight
“A replicated trial carries more evidence weight than a single anecdote.”
Appears in Lesson 74
evidence-to-interpretation gapnoun phrasecourse term
the distance between what evidence directly shows and a broader interpretive claim built on top of it (প্রমাণ-থেকে-ব্যাখ্যার ব্যবধান)
Often with an evidence-to-interpretation gap, spot the evidence-to-interpretation gap, evidence-to-interpretation gap between
“Data showing fewer accidents leaves an evidence-to-interpretation gap if the report credits the new policy without proof.”
Appears in Lesson 77
evidentiary strengthnoun phraseformal
how strongly a piece of language is backed by proof, ranging from a stated intention to a demonstrated result (প্রমাণের শক্তি)
Often with greater evidentiary strength, evidentiary strength of, weak evidentiary strength
“'Is designed to reduce errors' has less evidentiary strength than 'has reduced errors by a third'.”
Appears in Lesson 64
evidentiary verbnoun phrasetechnical
a verb like 'suggests,' 'indicates,' or 'shows' that reports how strongly evidence supports a claim (প্রমাণসূচক ক্রিয়া)
Often with choose an evidentiary verb, weak evidentiary verb, strong evidentiary verb
“'Proves' is a strong evidentiary verb; 'suggests' is a weaker one.”
Appears in Lesson 69
evidentiary verb laddernoun phrasecourse term
the ranked verbs authors use to show how strongly evidence supports a claim: consistent with, suggests, indicates, demonstrates, proves (প্রমাণসূচক ক্রিয়ার ক্রম)
Often with climb the evidentiary verb ladder, position on the evidentiary verb ladder, evidentiary verb ladder from
“On the evidentiary verb ladder, 'suggests' sits well below 'demonstrates'.”
Appears in Lesson 85
exactly onequantifier phraseneutral
a quantity bound combining 'at least one' and 'at most one' — one, and only one (ঠিক একটি)
Often with exactly one, require exactly one, exactly one of
“Each application must have exactly one authorised signatory.”
Appears in Lesson 67
examineverbformal
to look at something closely and in detail (পরীক্ষা করা)
Often with examine the evidence, closely examine, examine a claim
“The tribunal will examine the shipping records before ruling on the dispute.”
Appears in Lesson 5
examplenounneutral
one specific case that illustrates a general point (উদাহরণ)
Often with for example, a good example, give an example
“Late payment is a common problem; for example, three of our top clients regularly pay after ninety days.”
Appears in Lesson 8
exceptionnounneutral
a case that does not follow the general rule or pattern being described (ব্যতিক্রম)
Often with with the exception of, make an exception, notable exception
“With the exception of the northern berth, every berth met its productivity target.”
exception clausenoun phraseformal
the part of a rule or policy that states when the main rule does not apply (ব্যতিক্রম ধারা)
Often with an exception clause, include an exception clause, invoke the exception clause
“An exception clause in the tender waives the deadline in cases of force majeure.”
Appears in Lesson 64
exception conditionnoun phrasetechnical
the specific trigger that activates an exception to a stated rule, as opposed to the exception itself (ব্যতিক্রমের শর্ত)
Often with the exception condition, define the exception condition, exception condition for
“The exception condition is a written waiver from the harbour master.”
Appears in Lesson 68
excludeverbformal
to leave something out of a definition or category (বাদ দেওয়া)
Often with exclude from, deliberately exclude, exclude cases
“The definition excludes cases where the delay was weather-related.”
Appears in Drill 82
exclusive claimnoun phraseformal
a claim, often signalled by 'only' or 'the only reason,' that names one factor as the sole one, denying any other contributing cause (একচেটিয়া দাবি)
Often with an exclusive claim, make an exclusive claim, challenge an exclusive claim
“'The only reason for the delay was weather' is an exclusive claim, ruling out every other cause.”
Appears in Lesson 70
exophoricadjectivetechnical
describing reference that points outside the text, to shared context the reader must already know (বহিঃস্থ নির্দেশনা)
Often with exophoric reference, exophoric pronoun, exophoric use
“'They have closed the gate again' uses exophoric reference: the reader must know who 'they' are from context.”
Appears in Lesson 39
experiencenounneutral
knowledge or skill gained by doing something over time (অভিজ্ঞতা)
Often with years of experience, hands-on experience, relevant experience
“The job advert asks for at least five years of experience in terminal operations.”
Appears in Lesson 1
explainverbneutral
to make something clear by describing how or why it happens (ব্যাখ্যা করা)
Often with explain the reason, explain how, briefly explain
“The report explains why the migration to the new billing platform took two months longer than planned.”
explicitadjectiveformal
stated directly and clearly, leaving nothing to be inferred (স্পষ্টভাবে বলা)
Often with explicit instructions, make explicit, explicitly state
“The contract is explicit about who bears the cost of storage after the free period ends.”
exposeverbformal
to reveal something that was hidden or unstated (উন্মোচন করা)
Often with expose a weakness, expose an assumption, be exposed
“The question exposed the assumption behind the forecast.”
Appears in Drill 73
extendverbformal
to make something longer by adding to it (সম্প্রসারিত করা)
Often with extend a deadline, extend the sentence, extend by
“We agreed to extend the deadline by two days.”
Appears in Drill 2
extentnounformal
the degree or amount to which something happens or is true (পরিমাণ/মাত্রা)
Often with to some extent, to what extent, the full extent
“The audit will establish the full extent of the data breach.”
Appears in Lesson 22
external validitynoun phrasetechnical
the degree to which a study's findings can reasonably apply beyond the specific sample or context it examined (বহিঃস্থ বৈধতা)
Often with limited external validity, threat to external validity, high external validity
“The study's external validity is low: it examined only one port in one season.”
Appears in Lesson 30
extraadjectiveneutral
more than what is usual or expected (অতিরিক্ত)
Often with extra charge, extra time, extra cost
“If the vessel misses the tide, there will be an extra charge.”
Appears in Drill 12
faceverbneutral
to have to deal with something difficult (মুখোমুখি হওয়া)
Often with face a challenge, face criticism, be faced with
“Smaller ports face growing pressure to invest in automation or lose business to larger competitors.”
Appears in Lesson 3
factornounneutral
one of several things that help produce a result (প্রভাবক/কারণ)
Often with key factor, contributing factor, a factor in
“Weather was only one factor in the delay; a crane breakdown and a late pilot also played a part.”
failure pathnoun phrasetechnical
what a process does specifically when its normal condition is not satisfied (ব্যর্থতার পথ)
Often with define the failure path, follow the failure path, failure path of
“The failure path for a rejected declaration sends the file back to the clerk for correction.”
Appears in Lesson 68
fallbacknountechnical
an alternative resource or path used automatically when the primary one becomes unavailable (বিকল্প ব্যবস্থা)
Often with fallback option, automatic fallback, fallback plan
“If the primary scanner fails, the system uses manual inspection as a fallback.”
fallback pathnoun phrasetechnical
the alternative route a process follows when its main condition or method fails, often introduced by 'otherwise' or 'failing that' (বিকল্প পথ)
Often with a fallback path, follow the fallback path, define a fallback path
“If online payment fails, the fallback path is a bank transfer confirmed by email.”
Appears in Lesson 68
falls intophrasal verbneutral
belongs to a particular category within a classification (এই শ্রেণিভুক্ত হয়)
Often with falls into a category, falls into two groups, falls into the category of
“Each incident falls into exactly one category.”
Appears in Task 57
familiaradjectiveneutral
well known to you, or having good knowledge of something (পরিচিত)
Often with be familiar with, become familiar, look familiar
“Applicants should be familiar with terminal operating systems such as Navis or similar platforms.”
Appears in Lesson 7
far fromphraseneutral
definitely not the case, and often further from it than the reader might assume (মোটেও নয়)
Often with far from certain, far from ideal, far from over
“The recovery is far from complete; volumes remain twenty percent below last year.”
Appears in Lesson 40
faultyadjectiveneutral
not working correctly, because of a defect (ত্রুটিপূর্ণ)
Often with faulty equipment, faulty wiring, faulty component
“A faulty sensor caused the gate to stay closed.”
Appears in Task 13
feedback loopnoun phrasetechnical
a chain in which an effect eventually loops back to influence the very factor that started the chain (প্রতিক্রিয়া চক্র)
Often with positive feedback loop, create a feedback loop, vicious feedback loop
“Delays caused overtime, and overtime caused fatigue, creating a feedback loop that produced further delays.”
findverbneutral
to learn something as a result of study or observation (খুঁজে পাওয়া)
Often with study finds, find that, researchers found
“The survey found that seventy percent of drivers arrived outside their booked time slot.”
Appears in Lesson 5
findingnounformal
a specific result a study actually shows, narrower than its conclusion (ফলাফল)
Often with key finding, research finding, finding that
“The finding is narrow: waiting time fell at one gate.”
Appears in Drill 84
finite verbnoun phrasetechnical
a verb form marked for tense, person, and number, capable of being the main verb of a clause (নির্দিষ্ট ক্রিয়াপদ)
Often with main finite verb, identify the finite verb, non-finite form
“In 'The manager who approved the plan resigned', the finite verb of the main clause is 'resigned'.”
Appears in Lesson 42
fixed pairnouncourse term
a verb or adjective that is conventionally followed by one specific preposition (নির্দিষ্ট শব্দগুচ্ছ)
Often with learn a fixed pair, common fixed pair, fixed pair such as
“'Responsible for' is a fixed pair: writing 'responsible of' would be an error.”
Appears in Task 7
flagverbneutral
to mark something as needing attention (ত্রুটি চিহ্নিত করা)
Often with flag an issue, flag a risk, flag for review
“The audit flagged three invoices for review.”
Appears in Task 11
flexibilitynounneutral
the ability to change or adapt easily (নমনীয়তা)
Often with operational flexibility, offer flexibility, greater flexibility
“Flexible shift patterns give the terminal the flexibility to respond to sudden vessel delays.”
Appears in Lesson 19
fluentadjectiveformal
speaking smoothly and easily, without unnatural pauses (সাবলীল)
Often with fluent speaker, become fluent, fluent in
“Applicants must be fluent in English and able to brief a crew.”
focusverbneutral
to give most of your attention or effort to one particular thing (মনোনিবেশ করা)
Often with focus on, sharply focus, main focus
“The new strategy focuses on reducing vessel waiting time rather than expanding storage.”
focus markernoun phrasetechnical
a word or phrase, such as 'what matters is' or 'the key point is,' that explicitly tells the reader which information to treat as most important (গুরুত্ব নির্দেশক)
Often with a focus marker, use a focus marker, signal with a focus marker
“'What matters is reliability' uses 'what matters is' as a focus marker.”
Appears in Lesson 70
follow fromphraseformal
to be a logical consequence of something stated earlier (যুক্তিসঙ্গতভাবে উদ্ভূত হওয়া)
Often with follow from the evidence, not necessarily follow, conclusion follows from
“It does not follow from one late delivery that the supplier is unreliable.”
Appears in Lesson 31
forecastnoun / verbformal
a future expectation built specifically on data, models, or trends, as distinct from a plain prediction or an estimate of a present quantity (পূর্বাভাস)
Often with economic forecast, revise the forecast, forecast for
“The forecast for the coming year predicts flat container volumes.”
Appears in Lesson 66
foregroundverbformal
to bring a particular aspect of something into central attention, ahead of other aspects (সম্মুখে/কেন্দ্রে আনা)
Often with foreground the issue, be foregrounded, foreground the benefits
“The brochure foregrounds speed and savings while the fees appear only in small print.”
formaladjectiveneutral
suited to serious or professional writing, rather than everyday speech (আনুষ্ঠানিক)
Often with formal tone, formal register, formal writing
“A formal report says 'therefore', where a message to a friend might say 'so'.”
Appears in Task 8
forward predictionnoun phraseformal
anticipating a text's next move based on the paragraph just read, then checking that prediction against what actually follows (সম্মুখ পূর্বাভাস)
Often with make a forward prediction, forward prediction of, test the forward prediction
“After a paragraph describing a problem, make a forward prediction that a solution will follow.”
Appears in Lesson 79
fractionnounneutral
a small part of a whole (অংশ)
Often with only a fraction, a small fraction, fraction of
“Only a fraction of drivers replied to the survey.”
Appears in Drill 74
frameverbformal
to present information in a way that makes a particular interpretation feel most natural (কোনো বিষয়কে নির্দিষ্টভাবে উপস্থাপন করা)
Often with frame the issue, frame as, carefully framed
“The company framed the job cuts as a modernisation programme rather than a cost-saving exercise.”
Appears in Lesson 34
frameworknounformal
a set of organized concepts or dimensions used to structure an analysis, without necessarily specifying causal relationships (কাঠামো/রূপরেখা)
Often with analytical framework, framework for analysis, conceptual framework
“The report uses a framework of people, process, and technology to organise its findings.”
Appears in Lesson 60
framingnounformal
presenting the same underlying facts in a way that steers a reader's attention or interpretation in a particular direction (উপস্থাপনার ছাঁচ)
Often with media framing, framing of, deliberate framing
“The framing of the story as a 'crackdown' rather than 'enforcement' shaped how readers reacted.”
Appears in Lesson 76
functionnounformal
the job a sentence performs within an argument, separate from its literal content (কাজ/ভূমিকা)
Often with the function of, perform a function, rhetorical function
“The function of the last sentence is to qualify the claim.”
Appears in Task 78
gainverbneutral
to obtain or increase something over time (পাওয়া/অর্জন করা)
Often with gain experience, gain access, gain momentum
“Graduate trainees gain practical experience by rotating through three departments in their first year.”
Appears in Lesson 3
gapnounneutral
the missing logical step between evidence and a conclusion (যুক্তির ফাঁক)
Often with logical gap, gap in the argument, bridge the gap
“There is a gap between 'complaints fell' and 'customers are happy'.”
Appears in Drill 73
generalization gapnoun phrasecourse term
the missing bridge between a claim about a sample and a broader claim about the whole population it's drawn from (সাধারণীকরণের শূন্যতা)
Often with a generalization gap, spot a generalization gap, generalization gap between
“A generalization gap exists when a study of one port is used to make claims about all ports.”
Appears in Lesson 73
generalizeverbformal
to apply a finding from a specific sample or study to a broader population or context (সাধারণীকরণ করা)
Often with generalize from, cannot generalize, safely generalize
“It is risky to generalize from one busy week to the performance of the whole year.”
genuine contradictionnoun phraseformal
two claims that cannot both be true under any reading, as distinct from a broad claim later qualified by a narrower one (প্রকৃত পরস্পরবিরোধিতা)
Often with a genuine contradiction, resolve a genuine contradiction, appear to be a genuine contradiction
“Saying costs both fell and rose in the same year would be a genuine contradiction.”
Appears in Lesson 83
give rise tophraseformal
a formal way of saying 'create' or 'cause' (সৃষ্টি করা)
Often with give rise to problems, give rise to confusion, may give rise to
“Unclear labelling can give rise to costly errors.”
Appears in Task 45
given informationnoun phrasetechnical
content already established earlier in the text, typically placed at the start of the next sentence (প্রদত্ত তথ্য)
Often with given and new information, treat as given information, place given information first
“'The audit' is given information in the second sentence because the first sentence has already mentioned it.”
glideverbneutral
to move smoothly and continuously (মসৃণভাবে চলা)
Often with glide smoothly, glide into, glide over
“In fluent speech, the article glides into the noun without a pause.”
Appears in Drill 6
grammatical functionnoun phrasetechnical
a sentence element's syntactic role — subject, object, complement, modifier — as distinct from the rhetorical job the sentence performs in an argument (ব্যাকরণগত ভূমিকা)
Often with grammatical function, identify the grammatical function, grammatical function of
“The grammatical function of 'the audit' here is subject, while its rhetorical function is evidence.”
Appears in Lesson 78
guaranteeverbformal
to promise that something will definitely happen or be true (নিশ্চয়তা দেওয়া)
Often with guarantee delivery, cannot guarantee, money-back guarantee
“The carrier will not guarantee a delivery date if the cargo misses the vessel's cut-off time.”
hallwaynounneutral
(in 'hallway explanation') a quick, informal spoken explanation given in passing, not a formal presentation (অনানুষ্ঠানিক ব্যাখ্যা)
Often with hallway explanation, hallway conversation, in the hallway
“Give a hallway explanation: one clear sentence you could say between meetings.”
Appears in Drill 54
hardlyadverbformal
almost not at all; barely, and often paired with inverted word order when placed first in a sentence (প্রায় না বললেই চলে)
Often with hardly ever, hardly any, hardly surprising
“Hardly had the vessel berthed when the crane failed.”
Appears in Lesson 40
hasty generalizationnoun phrasetechnical
drawing a broad conclusion from too small or narrow a sample (তড়িঘড়ি সাধারণীকরণ)
Often with commit a hasty generalization, avoid a hasty generalization, example of hasty generalization
“Judging a supplier from a single late delivery is a hasty generalization.”
Appears in Task 33
head nounnountechnical
the single core noun a whole noun phrase is built around (মূল বিশেষ্য)
Often with identify the head noun, head noun of the phrase, single head noun
“In 'the new cargo-handling equipment', 'equipment' is the head noun.”
Appears in Task 3
hedgenountechnical
a word or phrase that softens the certainty of a claim, such as may, possibly, or to some extent (সতর্কতাসূচক শব্দ)
Often with use a hedge, hedging language, hedge a claim
“The phrase 'may possibly' works as a double hedge, weakening the claim twice.”
Appears in Lesson 28, Task 9, Task 28, Task 41, Task 85, Drill 41, Drill 55
hedge stackingnoun phrasecourse term
the layering of several qualifying words in a single sentence, each narrowing the claim's certainty or scope further (একাধিক শর্তসংকেতের স্তরায়ন)
Often with avoid hedge stacking, a case of hedge stacking, hedge stacking in
“'It may possibly be the case that costs could rise' is hedge stacking: four qualifiers weaken one claim.”
Appears in Lesson 66
hedged generalizationnoun phrasetechnical
a broad claim deliberately weakened with a qualifier like 'generally' or 'typically' to avoid an absolute, exception-free statement (মৃদুকৃত সাধারণীকরণ)
Often with a hedged generalization, make a hedged generalization, careful hedged generalization
“'Ports generally benefit from automation' is a hedged generalization; the word 'generally' allows exceptions.”
Appears in Lesson 69
hidden criterionnoun phrasecourse term
an evaluation's actual basis for judgment, established earlier in a passage rather than stated in the evaluative sentence itself (অন্তর্নিহিত মানদণ্ড)
Often with identify the hidden criterion, a hidden criterion, hidden criterion behind
“The hidden criterion in the review was speed: 'best' quietly meant 'quickest', not 'cheapest'.”
Appears in Lesson 65
hidden inferencenoun phrasecourse term
a conclusion an author invites the reader to draw without stating it directly (অন্তর্নিহিত অনুসিদ্ধান্ত)
Often with draw a hidden inference, make a hidden inference, hidden inference behind
“The advert's hidden inference is that competing terminals are unsafe, though it never says so.”
Appears in Lesson 72
hierarchynounformal
a ranking of items by relative strength or importance (ক্রম/পদক্রম)
Often with evidence hierarchy, clear hierarchy, hierarchy of
“In the hierarchy of evidence, a controlled trial carries more weight than a single case study.”
Appears in Lesson 26
hold off onphrasal verbneutral
to delay making a strong claim until there's enough evidence (বিরত থাকা)
Often with hold off on a conclusion, hold off on a decision, hold off until
“I would hold off on a firm conclusion until we have more data.”
Appears in Drill 56
hold upphrasal verbneutral
to remain valid or convincing under closer examination (টিকে থাকা)
Often with hold up under scrutiny, hold up well, may not hold up
“That conclusion may not hold up if the sample was biased.”
holidaynounneutral
a day of rest or celebration when normal work stops (ছুটির দিন)
Often with public holiday, on holiday, holiday schedule
“The terminal runs a reduced schedule on public holidays.”
Appears in Drill 17
human-in-the-loopnoun phrasetechnical
a design in which a human makes a decision at a specific point inside an otherwise automated process (মানবসংযুক্ত প্রক্রিয়া)
Often with human-in-the-loop system, human-in-the-loop review, human-in-the-loop approval
“The workflow is automated except for a human-in-the-loop check on payments over ten thousand dollars.”
Appears in Lesson 54
hypothesisnountechnical
a proposed explanation offered as a starting point for investigation, not yet established as fact (অনুকল্প)
Often with test a hypothesis, working hypothesis, hypothesis that
“The team's working hypothesis is that the outage was caused by a faulty network switch.”
identifyverbformal
to recognise or establish exactly what something is (চিহ্নিত করা)
Often with identify a problem, clearly identify, identify the cause
“The security team identified the compromised account within ten minutes of the alert.”
Appears in Lesson 10
illustrateverbformal
to use a concrete instance to make an abstract concept clearer, without necessarily proving it applies universally (দৃষ্টান্ত দিয়ে বোঝানো)
Often with illustrate the point, clearly illustrate, serve to illustrate
“The delayed vaccine shipment illustrates what poor coordination can cost.”
illustrationnounformal
a single concrete example used to make an idea vivid, weaker on its own than systematic evidence (দৃষ্টান্ত)
Often with a vivid illustration, illustration of, serve as an illustration
“The delayed reefer shipment serves as an illustration of what poor coordination costs.”
impactnounformal
the size or seriousness of an effect, separate from how probable it is (প্রভাব)
Often with significant impact, impact on, potential impact
“The impact of a fuel spill would be severe even though the probability is low.”
Appears in Task 66
implementationnounformal
the process of putting a plan or system into actual practice (বাস্তবায়ন)
Often with implementation of, successful implementation, implementation plan
“The implementation of the new billing system was completed in three phases.”
Appears in Lesson 22
implicationnounformal
something suggested or implied, without being stated directly (তাৎপর্য/ইঙ্গিত)
Often with have implications, far-reaching implications, implication for
“The ruling has serious implications for how carriers write liability clauses.”
implicitadjectiveformal
suggested or understood without being directly stated (অন্তর্নিহিত/অব্যক্ত)
Often with implicit assumption, implicit criticism, implicit in
“The memo contains an implicit criticism of the previous management team without naming anyone.”
implyverbformal
to suggest something without stating it directly (ইঙ্গিত করা)
Often with imply that, strongly imply, seem to imply
“The report does not say the vendor was negligent, but its wording implies that the checks were skipped.”
importantadjectiveneutral
having great value or a serious effect on what happens (গুরুত্বপূর্ণ)
Often with extremely important, important to note, important factor
“It is important to confirm the vessel's draft before assigning it a berth.”
Appears in Lesson 1
improveverbneutral
to make something better, or to become better (উন্নত করা)
Often with improve efficiency, significantly improve, improve on
“Adding a second scanning lane improved truck turnaround time by almost a third.”
in other wordsphraseneutral
a spoken signal that a simpler restatement is coming (অন্য কথায়)
Often with in other words, say in other words, and in other words
“'Demurrage is a delay charge; in other words, a fee for keeping a container too long.'”
Appears in Drill 53
in principlephraseformal
theoretically or ideally possible, often contrasted with what actually happens in practice (নীতিগতভাবে)
Often with in principle, agree in principle, possible in principle
“In principle, the system can process any container; in practice, queues limit it.”
Appears in Lesson 60
in terms ofphraseformal
according to a specified dimension or aspect, restricting a claim's scope to that dimension alone (নির্দিষ্ট দিক থেকে)
Often with in terms of cost, in terms of speed, in terms of safety
“In terms of cost, the new system is cheaper; in terms of reliability, it is unproven.”
in the absence ofphraseformal
when something is missing or unavailable; equivalent to 'without' (অনুপস্থিতিতে)
Often with in the absence of evidence, in the absence of a contract, in the absence of guidance
“In the absence of a signed contract, the supplier could not enforce the penalty clause.”
Appears in Lesson 41
in turnphraseformal
as a direct result, continuing a chain of cause and effect (ফলে)
Often with in turn, which in turn, and in turn
“Delays raise costs, which in turn raise prices.”
Appears in Task 51
independentadjectiveformal
not connected to, or benefiting from, the outcome being reported (স্বাধীন/নিরপেক্ষ)
Often with independent source, independent review, independent of
“An independent auditor confirmed the figures.”
Appears in Task 75
indicateverbformal
to show or point to a fact or likelihood (নির্দেশ করা)
Often with indicate that, clearly indicate, data indicates
“Survey results indicate that most drivers prefer booking gate slots through a mobile app.”
inferverbformal
to reach a conclusion from evidence and reasoning rather than from a direct statement (অনুমান করা)
Often with infer from, infer that, reasonably infer
“From the missing gate records, investigators inferred that the trucks had entered after hours.”
inferencenounformal
a conclusion reached by reasoning from available evidence, rather than observed directly (অনুসিদ্ধান্ত)
Often with draw an inference, reasonable inference, inference from
“A reasonable inference from the gate logs is that most trucks arrived outside their slots.”
Appears in Lesson 77
inference blocknoun phrasecourse term
a phrase like 'this does not mean' or 'does not imply' that explicitly rules out a specific, over-strong conclusion a reader might otherwise draw (অনুসিদ্ধান্ত প্রতিরোধ)
Often with use an inference block, an inference block such as, inference block against
“'This does not mean the system is unsafe' is an inference block against an over-strong conclusion.”
Appears in Lesson 69
inference bridgenoun phrasecourse term
a phrase such as 'this suggests' or 'therefore' that carries the reader from evidence to interpretation (অনুসিদ্ধান্ত সেতু)
Often with an inference bridge, use an inference bridge, inference bridge such as
“'This suggests that' is an inference bridge from the data to the author's interpretation.”
Appears in Lesson 72
influenceverbformal
to have an effect on how someone thinks, acts, or how something develops (প্রভাবিত করা)
Often with influence a decision, strongly influence, influence the outcome
“Fuel prices heavily influence which shipping route a carrier chooses.”
informationnounneutral
facts or details about something; uncountable, so it never takes a plural (তথ্য)
Often with provide information, sensitive information, further information
“The customs portal asks importers to submit information about the cargo at least 24 hours before arrival.”
Appears in Lesson 6
information convergencenoun phrasecourse term
a pattern in which several separate pieces of information point toward and combine into one shared central idea (তথ্যের অভিসরণ)
Often with information convergence, pattern of information convergence, information convergence on
“Information convergence appears when four separate findings all point to one shared conclusion.”
Appears in Lesson 87
information divergencenoun phrasecourse term
a pattern in which one stated central idea branches outward into several separate supporting details or components (তথ্যের বিভেদন)
Often with information divergence, pattern of information divergence, information divergence from
“Information divergence occurs when one central claim branches into three separate supporting details.”
Appears in Lesson 87
information hierarchynoun phraseformal
the relative importance of different sentences or clauses within a paragraph, from background detail to the author's central point (তথ্যের ক্রমপর্যায়)
Often with the information hierarchy, build an information hierarchy, information hierarchy of
“The report's information hierarchy places the recommendation first and the supporting data last.”
information integrationnoun phraseformal
combining information from several sentences, paragraphs, or chapters into one coherent understanding (তথ্য সংযোজন)
Often with information integration, integrate information, information integration across
“Reading a report well demands information integration across all its sections, not just its summary.”
Appears in Lesson 86
inspectverbformal
to look at something carefully to check its condition (পরিদর্শন করা)
Often with inspect the cargo, carefully inspect, inspect for damage
“Officers inspect every refrigerated container before it is loaded.”
Appears in Task 13
insufficient evidencenoun phraseformal
evidence that does not, by itself, establish a conclusion — a more precise and defensible claim than declaring the conclusion false (অপর্যাপ্ত প্রমাণ)
Often with insufficient evidence, on the grounds of insufficient evidence, find insufficient evidence
“The court found insufficient evidence that the carrier had breached the contract.”
Appears in Lesson 73
integrateverbtechnical
to combine something fully with something else so it works as one system (সংযুক্ত করা)
Often with integrate with, fully integrated, integrate systems
“The vendor promised to integrate the new scanner with the existing terminal operating system.”
integrated intophraseformal
combined with an existing system or process so as to function as part of it (একীভূত হওয়া)
Often with be integrated into, fully integrated into, integrated into the system
“The new scanner will be integrated into the existing gate system by June.”
Appears in Lesson 50
intellectual architecturenoun phraseformal
the overall structure of how a book's ideas connect and build on each other, from central question through chapters to final thesis (বুদ্ধিবৃত্তিক কাঠামো)
Often with clear intellectual architecture, map the intellectual architecture, intellectual architecture of
“The intellectual architecture runs from a central question through five chapters to a final thesis.”
Appears in Lesson 81
interpretverbformal
to explain or understand the meaning of something (ব্যাখ্যা করা/অর্থ বোঝা)
Often with interpret the data, interpret a clause, open to interpretation
“Lawyers disagreed on how to interpret the force majeure clause after the canal closure.”
interpret the dataphraseformal
to analyze information and understand its meaning, rather than simply receiving it (তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ করে অর্থ বোঝা)
Often with interpret the data correctly, interpret the data cautiously, difficult to interpret the data
“Analysts must interpret the data carefully before advising the board.”
Appears in Lesson 50
interpretationnounformal
a reading or explanation given to a piece of evidence, distinct from the evidence itself (ব্যাখ্যা)
Often with different interpretations, open to interpretation, literal interpretation
“The two experts offered opposite interpretations of the same set of crash data.”
interpretive jumpnoun phrasecourse term
a step in reasoning that moves from evidence to a considerably stronger or broader claim than the evidence alone establishes (ব্যাখ্যামূলক লাফ)
Often with make an interpretive jump, a large interpretive jump, interpretive jump from
“Concluding that morale collapsed from one resignation is an interpretive jump.”
Appears in Lesson 77
intuitiveadjectiveneutral
easy to use or understand without needing much explanation (সহজবোধ্য/স্বতঃস্ফূর্তভাবে বোধগম্য)
Often with intuitive interface, intuitive design, highly intuitive
“Clerks adopted the new billing screen quickly because its layout was intuitive.”
Appears in Lesson 27
inversionnountechnical
reversing the normal subject-verb word order, usually for emphasis, often triggered by a negative adverb (শব্দক্রম বিপরীতকরণ)
Often with subject-verb inversion, negative inversion, use inversion
“Inversion appears in 'Rarely do inspectors find a fault this early', where 'do' comes before the subject.”
investigateverbformal
to study something systematically to establish the facts (তদন্ত/অনুসন্ধান করা)
Often with investigate the cause, thoroughly investigate, investigate a complaint
“Engineers are investigating why the gate scanners misread barcodes after rain.”
Appears in Lesson 5
involveverbneutral
to include something as a necessary part of a task or situation (জড়িত থাকা)
Often with involve risk, be involved in, closely involve
“The upgrade involves migrating three legacy databases over a single weekend.”
Appears in Lesson 2
isolateverbtechnical
to separate one factor from others in order to examine its effect alone (পৃথক করা)
Often with isolate the cause, isolate a variable, isolate a fault
“Engineers isolated the fault to a single conveyor motor after testing each line separately.”
judgmentnounformal
the ability to weigh evidence and reach a sensible conclusion (বিচার/মূল্যায়ন)
Often with good judgment, exercise judgment, error of judgment
“The safety officer used her judgment to halt loading when the wind speed approached the limit.”
Appears in Lesson 2
justifyverbformal
for evidence to be strong enough to reasonably support a specific conclusion (যুক্তিসঙ্গত করা)
Often with justify a conclusion, fully justify, justify the claim
“The evidence does not justify such a strong conclusion.”
knowledgenounneutral
information and understanding that a person has gained (জ্ঞান)
Often with technical knowledge, working knowledge, share knowledge
“Her working knowledge of customs regulations made her the obvious choice to lead the compliance team.”
Appears in Lesson 1
labelnounneutral
a piece of information attached to an item, identifying it (লেবেল)
Often with attach a label, shipping label, label clearly
“Every crate carries a label showing its weight and destination.”
latencynountechnical
a delay between an action and its response, especially in a network or system (বিলম্ব)
Often with low latency, network latency, reduce latency
“High network latency made the gate cameras lag behind real time.”
Appears in Lesson 53
leadverbneutral
to result in something, or to be the cause of an outcome (পরিচালিত করা/নিয়ে যাওয়া)
Often with lead to, ultimately lead, lead directly to
“Poor data entry at the gate led to a chain of billing errors downstream.”
Appears in Lesson 10
learnverbneutral
to gain knowledge or a skill through study or experience (শেখা)
Often with learn from experience, learn a skill, quickly learn
“New dispatchers learn the yard layout within their first fortnight on the job.”
Appears in Lesson 1
legitimate inference rangenoun phrasecourse term
the specific set of conclusions a piece of evidence can actually support, as distinct from broader claims that exceed it (বৈধ অনুসিদ্ধান্তের পরিসর)
Often with stay within the legitimate inference range, the legitimate inference range, legitimate inference range of
“A one-terminal study has a narrow legitimate inference range: it cannot support claims about all ports.”
Appears in Lesson 85
lexical bundlenoun phrasetechnical
a fixed, recurring multi-word sequence that functions as a single unit of meaning (শব্দগুচ্ছ)
Often with common lexical bundle, academic lexical bundle, use lexical bundles
“'On the other hand' and 'as a result of' are lexical bundles that recur constantly in reports.”
Appears in Lesson 45
lexical chainnoun phrasetechnical
a sequence of related (not necessarily identical) words running through a text that all point to the same general concept (শব্দ-শৃঙ্খল)
Often with build a lexical chain, follow the lexical chain, lexical chain of related words
“The words 'delay', 'backlog', and 'queue' form a lexical chain that keeps the reader focused on waiting time.”
lexical variationnoun phrasetechnical
an author's use of different words or phrases — synonyms, paraphrase, nominalisation — to refer to the same underlying concept (আভিধানিক বৈচিত্র্য)
Often with lexical variation, use lexical variation, lexical variation in
“Lexical variation makes the report readable: 'delay', 'backlog', and 'holdup' name one idea.”
Appears in Lesson 82
likelyadjectiveneutral
probable; expected to happen (সম্ভাব্য)
Often with highly likely, likely to, most likely
“Cargo owners are likely to switch carriers if delays continue through the summer.”
limitationnounformal
a genuine constraint on what a rule, system, or capability can actually achieve, as distinct from a case excluded from a rule (সীমাবদ্ধতা)
Often with a limitation of, major limitation, acknowledge a limitation
“A key limitation of the study is that it covered only one port.”
linear progressionnoun phrasetechnical
a paragraph pattern where each sentence's new information becomes the next sentence's given topic (ক্রমিক অগ্রগতি)
Often with linear progression, follow a linear progression, paragraph with linear progression
“In a paragraph with linear progression, each sentence's new information becomes the next sentence's topic.”
linking verbnountechnical
a verb like is, seem, or become that connects a subject to a description of it (সংযোজক ক্রিয়া)
Often with use a linking verb, linking verb such as, linking verb and complement
“In 'The berth seems available', 'seems' is a linking verb joining 'berth' to its description.”
Appears in Task 1
liveadjectiveneutral
produced in the moment, without a script or a planning pause (তাৎক্ষণিক)
Often with live response, speak live, go live
“In an interview you must narrow a claim live, with no time to plan.”
Appears in Drill 71
loadedadjectiveneutral
carrying an implicit evaluation or emotional charge, rather than being purely neutral (পক্ষপাতদুষ্ট/আবেগপূর্ণ শব্দ)
Often with loaded language, loaded term, loaded question
“Calling the policy a 'crackdown' is loaded language; a neutral report would say 'enforcement'.”
loaded languagenoun phraseneutral
words that carry built-in evaluation or attitude rather than neutral description, even when describing the same event as a plainer word would (আবেগপূর্ণ ভাষা)
Often with use loaded language, loaded language such as, avoid loaded language
“The press release used loaded language, calling rival firms 'reckless' instead of naming any fault.”
lockedadjectiveneutral
fastened shut, usually with a lock (তালাবদ্ধ)
Often with locked gate, be locked, locked out
“The gate was locked, so the driver had to wait outside.”
Appears in Drill 17
logical entailmentnoun phrasetechnical
a conclusion that genuinely, necessarily follows from a stated premise, as distinct from one merely asserted to follow (যৌক্তিক অনিবার্যতা)
Often with follow by logical entailment, logical entailment of, mere logical entailment
“That all cranes failed does not logically entail that the power supply was at fault.”
Appears in Lesson 71
logical gapnoun phraseformal
a missing link in reasoning where a conclusion doesn't fully follow from its evidence (যুক্তির ফাঁক)
Often with a logical gap, fill a logical gap, gap in the argument
“The report has a logical gap: it shows that costs rose but never explains why the terminal is to blame.”
Appears in Lesson 31
main clausenoun phrasetechnical
a clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence and carries a sentence's main point (মুখ্য বাক্যাংশ)
Often with the main clause, main clause and subordinate clause, complete main clause
“The main clause 'the crew unloaded the vessel' carries the point of the sentence.”
Appears in Drill 42
maintainverbformal
to state firmly that something is true, especially when others disagree (দাবি করা/বজায় রাখা)
Often with maintain that, maintain innocence, strongly maintain
“The contractor maintains that the delay was caused by late design changes, not poor planning.”
Appears in Lesson 16
makeverbneutral
to produce, create, or carry out an action (তৈরি করা/নেওয়া)
Often with make a decision, make progress, make a recommendation
“The steering committee will make a decision on the terminal expansion by the end of March.”
Appears in Lesson 3
manifestnountechnical
an official list of a ship's or aircraft's cargo (মালপত্রের তালিকা)
Often with cargo manifest, submit a manifest, amend the manifest
“The captain must submit the cargo manifest to customs before arrival.”
Appears in Task 14
manualadjectiveneutral
done by hand, not automatically (হাতে করা / ম্যানুয়াল)
Often with manual process, manual check, manual override
“Staff switched to manual entry when the system went down.”
Appears in Drill 22
material assumptionnoun phrasetechnical
an assumption confirmed as necessary by the 'if this were false' test — one whose falsity would collapse the argument's conclusion (তাৎপর্যপূর্ণ অনুমান)
Often with identify a material assumption, a material assumption, material assumption behind
“The forecast's material assumption is stable fuel prices; if that fails, the whole budget fails.”
Appears in Lesson 73
material omissionnoun phraseformal
missing information important enough that including it would change how the reader interprets the text (তাৎপর্যপূর্ণ বাদ পড়া তথ্য)
Often with a material omission, disclose a material omission, material omission from
“The prospectus contained a material omission: it did not mention the pending lawsuit.”
Appears in Lesson 76
meaning reconstructionnoun phraseformal
rebuilding a passage's underlying argument structure in your own words, rather than copying or lightly rephrasing its sentences (অর্থ পুনর্গঠন)
Often with meaning reconstruction, practise meaning reconstruction, meaning reconstruction of
“After reading, do meaning reconstruction: state the argument in your own words without looking back.”
Appears in Lesson 86
measureverbformal
to state precisely what a number is tracking (পরিমাপ করা)
Often with measure performance, how it is measured, measure of
“State clearly what the figure measures: waiting time, not turnaround time.”
Appears in Task 55
measurement gapnoun phrasecourse term
the mismatch between what was actually measured or reported and the broader concept a conclusion claims to establish (পরিমাপের শূন্যতা)
Often with a measurement gap, spot a measurement gap, measurement gap between
“The report's measurement gap is that it records complaints but claims to measure satisfaction.”
Appears in Lesson 73
mechanismnountechnical
the process or means by which a cause actually produces its effect (প্রক্রিয়া/কার্যপ্রণালী)
Often with causal mechanism, underlying mechanism, mechanism for
“The study identifies the mechanism through which congestion at the gate raises costs downstream.”
Appears in Lesson 24, Lesson 38, Lesson 44, Lesson 58, Task 29, Task 58, Drill 29
mediateverbtechnical
to serve as the intermediate pathway through which a cause produces an effect (মধ্যস্থতা করা)
Often with mediate the effect, mediate between, partly mediated by
“Job stress may mediate the link between long hours and errors, so hours affect errors partly through stress.”
Appears in Lesson 58
memory layernoun phrasecourse term
one of three tiers — must remember, useful, temporary — used to decide how much effort to spend retaining a given piece of information while reading (স্মৃতিস্তর)
Often with assign a memory layer, memory layer for, three memory layers
“Exact dates go in the temporary memory layer, because you can always look them up again.”
Appears in Lesson 87
meronymynountechnical
a part-to-whole relationship between two terms, distinct from a category-membership relationship (অংশ-সম্পূর্ণ সম্পর্ক)
Often with relation of meronymy, meronymy between, part-whole meronymy
“'Wheel' and 'car' show meronymy: one is part of the other, not a kind of it.”
Appears in Lesson 57
mightmodal verbneutral
a weaker possibility than may or could (হয়তো (দুর্বল সম্ভাবনা))
Often with might be, might not, might have
“The vessel might arrive late if the storm continues.”
Appears in Drill 21
misrepresentverbformal
to describe something inaccurately, often making it easier to criticize (ভুলভাবে উপস্থাপন করা)
Often with misrepresent the facts, deliberately misrepresent, misrepresent a position
“The article misrepresented the union's position by quoting only its most extreme demand.”
Appears in Lesson 33
missedadjectiveneutral
failed to happen, arrive, or be caught at the intended time (মিস হওয়া/হাতছাড়া)
Often with missed deadline, missed connection, missed opportunity
“A missed connection at the transhipment port added four days to the journey.”
Appears in Drill 18
mitigateverbformal
to reduce the severity, seriousness, or likelihood of something negative (প্রশমিত করা)
Often with mitigate the risk, mitigate the impact, partly mitigate
“A second data centre mitigates the risk of a single point of failure.”
modalnountechnical
a helping verb such as can, should, or must that adds possibility, necessity, or advice (মোডাল ক্রিয়া)
Often with modal verb, use a modal, modal of possibility
“'Should' is a modal that turns an order into advice.”
Appears in Drill 3
modal verbnoun phrasetechnical
a verb like may, might, or could that marks how certain a statement is (মোডাল ক্রিয়া)
Often with use a modal verb, modal verb such as, weak modal verb
“'Might' is a weaker modal verb than 'will'.”
Appears in Drill 28
model revisionnoun phrasetechnical
the replacement of an earlier explanatory model with a more complete one, typically signalled by phrases like 'this model does not fully explain' (মডেলের সংশোধন)
Often with model revision, propose a model revision, model revision after
“The chapter closes with a model revision: the earlier two-factor model gives way to a three-factor one.”
Appears in Lesson 82
model scopenoun phrasetechnical
the population, context, or conditions a model was built to describe, beyond which it may not reliably apply (মডেলের পরিসর)
Often with limited model scope, define the model scope, outside the model scope
“The model's scope is limited to container terminals; it does not cover bulk cargo.”
Appears in Lesson 60
moderateverbtechnical
to change the strength of a relationship between two variables, depending on a third condition (প্রভাবের মাত্রা পরিবর্তন করা)
Often with moderate the effect, moderate the relationship, moderated by
“Experience moderates the effect of workload: senior staff make fewer errors under pressure.”
Appears in Lesson 58
moderating factornoun phrasetechnical
a condition that changes how strongly, or whether, an effect appears (প্রভাব-নিয়ন্ত্রক উপাদান)
Often with a moderating factor, key moderating factor, moderating factor such as
“Experience is a moderating factor: senior staff make fewer errors under pressure.”
Appears in Drill 86
modifiernountechnical
a word or phrase that adds detail to another word without changing the sentence's core (পরিবর্তক)
Often with add a modifier, adverb modifier, modifier of the noun
“In 'The manager quickly approved the request', the modifier 'quickly' shows how the action was done.”
Appears in Task 2
multi-causaladjectivetechnical
resulting from several contributing factors together, rather than from one single cause (বহু-কারণজনিত)
Often with multi-causal explanation, multi-causal problem, multi-causal event
“The outage was multi-causal: an expired certificate, a missed alert, and a slow response all contributed.”
Appears in Lesson 62
multi-level trackingnoun phrasecourse term
following a text's argument simultaneously at the sentence, paragraph, section, chapter, and book level, rather than one level at a time (বহুস্তরীয় অনুসরণ)
Often with multi-level tracking, practise multi-level tracking, multi-level tracking of
“Multi-level tracking helps you follow a claim from one sentence to its role in the whole book.”
Appears in Lesson 86
mutually exclusivephrasetechnical
describing categories that do not overlap, so no case belongs to more than one at once (পরস্পর বর্জনশীল)
Often with mutually exclusive categories, are mutually exclusive, not mutually exclusive
“The survey options must be mutually exclusive, so no respondent fits two of them.”
namelyphraseformal
introducing an exact, specific, and complete list of what was just referred to (যথা)
Often with namely, three factors, namely, only one requirement, namely
“Two things drove the delay, namely a late pilot and a crane fault.”
Appears in Lesson 57
narrateverbformal
to describe something as it happens, out loud (বর্ণনা করা)
Often with narrate a process, narrate as you work, narrate aloud
“I narrate each step aloud so the new colleague can follow.”
Appears in Drill 47
narrowverbneutral
to make a concept's meaning stricter or more limited than before (সংকুচিত করা)
Often with narrow the definition, narrow the meaning, narrow down
“The author narrows 'delay' to mean lateness beyond two hours.”
Appears in Task 82
necessaryadjectiveformal
required for an outcome, though not always enough by itself (আবশ্যক)
Often with necessary condition, strictly necessary, necessary but not sufficient
“A valid licence is necessary but not sufficient to operate a crane.”
Appears in Task 67
necessary assumptionnoun phrasetechnical
an unstated premise without which an argument's conclusion no longer follows, as distinct from one that merely strengthens it (আবশ্যিক অনুমান)
Often with identify the necessary assumption, a necessary assumption, hidden necessary assumption
“The plan's necessary assumption is that suppliers will deliver on time; without it, the schedule fails.”
Appears in Lesson 72
necessary conditionnoun phrasetechnical
something required for an outcome to occur, though not enough on its own to guarantee it (আবশ্যিক শর্ত)
Often with a necessary condition, necessary but not sufficient, necessary condition for
“Valid documentation is a necessary condition for customs clearance, but it does not guarantee release.”
negation testnoun phrasecourse term
checking whether an argument survives when its assumption is assumed false (অস্বীকার-পরীক্ষা)
Often with apply the negation test, run the negation test, negation test for
“The negation test asks: if this assumption were false, would the argument survive?”
Appears in Task 31
negative inversionnoun phrasetechnical
putting a negative word (rarely, never, only after) first in a sentence, which flips the subject and verb for emphasis (নেতিবাচক বিপর্যয়)
Often with negative inversion, use negative inversion, sentence with negative inversion
“'Rarely have inspectors found a fault this early' uses negative inversion for emphasis.”
Appears in Lesson 70
neutraladjectiveneutral
stated plainly, without favoring a particular impression (নিরপেক্ষ)
Often with neutral tone, remain neutral, neutral wording
“Say 'the plan lacked approval' for a neutral version.”
Appears in Drill 76
neutral paraphrasenoun phrasetechnical
a restatement of a sentence with its evaluative or loaded language replaced by plain, descriptive wording (নিরপেক্ষ পুনর্বিবৃতি)
Often with write a neutral paraphrase, provide a neutral paraphrase, neutral paraphrase of
“A neutral paraphrase of 'the reckless plan' would be 'the plan that lacked safety approval'.”
Appears in Lesson 77
nominalizationnountechnical
a noun formed from a verb or adjective, often used to carry an earlier action into a new sentence (ক্রিয়া থেকে গঠিত বিশেষ্য)
Often with use nominalization, heavy nominalization, nominalization of a verb
“The regulator's report relied on nominalization, turning 'delays occurred' into 'the occurrence of delays'.”
noonnounneutral
twelve o'clock in the middle of the day (দুপুর ১২টা)
Often with at noon, by noon, before noon
“The vessel is due to berth before noon.”
Appears in Drill 15
not establishedphraseformal
a calibrated spoken judgment for a claim that is unproven, without claiming it's actually false (অপ্রমাণিত)
Often with not yet established, remain not established, claim is not established
“That the policy caused the drop is not established; we only know accidents fell afterwards.”
Appears in Drill 33
not necessarilyphraseneutral
rejects certainty about a claim without denying that it could still be true (অগত্যা নয়)
Often with not necessarily true, not necessarily mean, not necessarily the case
“A higher price does not necessarily mean a better service.”
Appears in Lesson 40
not simply...butphraseformal
rejecting a narrow or incomplete definition in favor of a fuller one (শুধু...নয় বরং)
Often with not simply X but Y, is not simply a matter of, not simply a problem but
“Congestion is not simply a capacity problem but also a scheduling problem.”
Appears in Lesson 52
nuancedadjectiveformal
reflecting subtle, careful distinctions rather than a simple, extreme position (সূক্ষ্ম পার্থক্যসম্পন্ন)
Often with nuanced view, nuanced argument, more nuanced
“The consultant offered a nuanced assessment: automation helps in some areas and harms in others.”
null resultnoun phrasetechnical
a study's failure to detect a significant effect, which narrows what can be claimed without proving the effect doesn't exist (নিরর্থক ফলাফল)
Often with report a null result, publish a null result, a null result does not mean
“A null result does not prove the training was useless; it shows only that no effect was detected.”
Appears in Lesson 85
objectivenounformal
a specific goal you are working toward (উদ্দেশ্য)
Often with set an objective, primary objective, achieve an objective
“The project's main objective is to cut average vessel waiting time by twenty percent within a year.”
Appears in Lesson 0
objectivitynounformal
a focus on evidence and reasoning that minimizes personal preference or loaded judgment (নিরপেক্ষতা/বস্তুনিষ্ঠতা)
Often with maintain objectivity, journalistic objectivity, lack of objectivity
“An external auditor was hired to guarantee objectivity in the review.”
obligationnounformal
a requirement to act in a certain way, typically signalled by 'must' or 'need to' (বাধ্যবাধকতা)
Often with legal obligation, meet an obligation, obligation to
“Under the contract, the carrier has an obligation to notify the consignee within twenty-four hours.”
observeverbformal
to watch something carefully in order to learn from it (পর্যবেক্ষণ করা)
Often with observe closely, observe a pattern, observe the rules
“The inspector observed that crane operators skipped the pre-shift safety check on three occasions.”
obviousadjectiveneutral
easy to see or understand without explanation (স্পষ্ট)
Often with obvious choice, painfully obvious, an obvious reason
“Given its deep-water access, the northern site was the obvious choice for the new terminal.”
Appears in Lesson 9
of thesephraseneutral
restricting a following percentage to a previously named subgroup, not the full original population (এদের মধ্যে)
Often with of these, of these respondents, of these cases
“Sixty percent of drivers replied; of these, a third reported long waits at the gate.”
Appears in Lesson 56
off the cuffphraseneutral
said without preparation or notes, spontaneously (পূর্ব প্রস্তুতি ছাড়া)
Often with off the cuff, speak off the cuff, off-the-cuff remark
“She answered off the cuff, without notes.”
Appears in Drill 80
on averagephraseneutral
describing the mean value across a group, which individual cases may vary from considerably (গড়ে)
Often with on average, increase on average, on average per day
“On average, trucks waited forty minutes, though some waited over three hours.”
Appears in Lesson 55
on balancephraseformal
after weighing all relevant considerations, the overall judgment that results (সব বিবেচনা করে)
Often with on balance, judge on balance, on balance favourable
“On balance, the pilot justified a wider rollout, despite its higher setup cost.”
Appears in Lesson 51
on closer inspectionphraseformal
a signal phrase marking that a claim is about to be corrected or narrowed (গভীরভাবে পর্যবেক্ষণ করলে)
Often with on closer inspection, upon closer inspection, after closer inspection
“On closer inspection, the improvement applied only to export cargo.”
Appears in Task 83
on that frontphraseneutral
regarding that specific dimension or aspect just mentioned (ওই ক্ষেত্রে)
Often with on that front, progress on that front, nothing new on that front
“On that front, the terminal has made real progress.”
Appears in Drill 60
on the basis ofphraseformal
using something as the foundation or reason for a decision or claim (ভিত্তিতে)
Often with on the basis of evidence, decide on the basis of, on the basis of this data
“On the basis of the trial results, the board approved a full rollout.”
Appears in Lesson 45
on the flyphraseneutral
done immediately, without preparation (তাৎক্ষণিকভাবে)
Often with on the fly, decide on the fly, explain on the fly
“You often have to explain a technical term on the fly.”
Appears in Drill 53
operationaladjectiveformal
relating to the practical running of a system or organization, day to day (কার্যক্ষম/পরিচালনাগত)
Often with operational efficiency, fully operational, operational costs
“The second berth will be fully operational by the end of the year.”
Appears in Lesson 22
operational definitionnoun phrasetechnical
a specific, measurable definition of a concept, stated for the purposes of a particular study or analysis (কার্যকরী সংজ্ঞা)
Often with give an operational definition, use an operational definition, operational definition of
“For this study, the operational definition of 'delay' is any arrival more than two hours after the scheduled time.”
opposingadjectiveformal
pulling in a different or contrary direction (বিপরীতমুখী)
Often with opposing view, opposing force, opposing argument
“The two reports reach opposing conclusions about the new tariff.”
Appears in Drill 8
organizational capacityphraseformal
an organization's overall ability to use its resources, people, and systems effectively (সাংগঠনিক সক্ষমতা)
Often with build organizational capacity, limited organizational capacity, organizational capacity to
“The agency lacks the organizational capacity to inspect every shipment.”
Appears in Lesson 50
outcomenounformal
the result or effect of an action or process (ফলাফল)
Often with positive outcome, likely outcome, outcome of
“The outcome of the arbitration was a partial refund of the demurrage charges.”
Appears in Lesson 11
outliernountechnical
a data point far removed from the rest of the values, capable of distorting an average or trend (ব্যতিক্রমী মান)
Often with statistical outlier, remove an outlier, extreme outlier
“One extreme outlier, a container that waited forty days, distorted the average dwell time.”
Appears in Lesson 56
outlinenounneutral
a plan showing a piece of writing's main sections before it is written in full (রূপরেখা)
Often with write an outline, detailed outline, outline of
“Write a five-line outline before you draft the report.”
Appears in Task 48
over-generaliseverbformal
to draw a broader conclusion than the evidence actually supports (অতিসাধারণীকরণ করা)
Often with tend to over-generalise, risk over-generalising, over-generalise from
“Concluding that all ports are slow from one delay would over-generalise.”
Appears in Task 69
overclaimnoun / verbformal
a conclusion stated more strongly or broadly than its supporting evidence actually earns (অতিরিক্ত দাবি)
Often with overclaim the results, risk overclaiming, accused of overclaiming
“The press release overclaims: a six-week pilot cannot prove a permanent cost saving.”
overgeneralizationnountechnical
drawing a broad conclusion from evidence too narrow to support it (অতি-সাধারণীকরণ)
Often with avoid overgeneralization, risk of overgeneralization, sweeping overgeneralization
“Concluding that all ports are inefficient from one poorly run terminal is a clear overgeneralization.”
Appears in Lesson 26
overgeneralizeverbformal
to stretch a narrow piece of evidence into a much broader claim than it can support (অতি-সাধারণীকরণ করা)
Often with tend to overgeneralize, risk overgeneralizing, overgeneralize from
“To say every supplier is late from one case is to overgeneralize.”
Appears in Task 26
overlapnounneutral
the part two concepts share, rather than being fully separate (সহাবস্থান)
Often with overlap between, considerable overlap, partial overlap
“There is some overlap between safety and security.”
overloadnounformal
an amount too large to be dealt with comfortably (অতিরিক্ত চাপ/ভার)
Often with information overload, sensory overload, risk of overload
“The audit found that cognitive overload, not lack of training, explained why operators missed the berth-clash alerts.”
Appears in Lesson 20
overreachverbformal
to claim more than the evidence actually supports (অতিরিক্ত দাবি করা)
Often with risk overreach, overreach the evidence, avoid overreach
“To claim the policy works everywhere would overreach the evidence.”
oversightnounformal
the act of supervising or monitoring a process to ensure it functions correctly (তদারকি/নজরদারি)
Often with regulatory oversight, lack of oversight, exercise oversight
“Weak oversight allowed the contractor to skip several mandatory safety inspections.”
Appears in Lesson 34
overstateverbformal
to describe something as more significant, certain, or extensive than the evidence actually supports (অতিরঞ্জিত করা)
Often with overstate the case, overstate the risk, significantly overstate
“The press release overstates the benefits of the new system by ignoring its installation costs.”
Appears in Lesson 31
pacenounneutral
the speed at which you speak (গতি)
Often with set the pace, steady pace, at a slower pace
“Slow your pace when you reach the sentence that matters.”
Appears in Drill 46
paragraph architecturenoun phraseformal
the underlying arrangement of topic, claim, support, and qualification that a paragraph's sentences build together (অনুচ্ছেদের কাঠামো)
Often with clear paragraph architecture, analyse paragraph architecture, paragraph architecture of
“The report's paragraph architecture is consistent: topic sentence, evidence, then qualification.”
paragraph dependencynoun phrasecourse term
the degree to which one paragraph relies on an earlier paragraph's content to be understood, as distinct from a paragraph that stands on its own (অনুচ্ছেদ নির্ভরতা)
Often with paragraph dependency, high paragraph dependency, paragraph dependency on
“Paragraph five has high dependency on paragraph two, which defines the term it uses.”
Appears in Lesson 79
paragraph relationshipnoun phraseformal
the specific logical connection — such as qualification, cause, or solution — between one paragraph and the one before it (অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পর্ক)
Often with identify the paragraph relationship, paragraph relationship between, logical paragraph relationship
“The relationship between paragraphs three and four is causal: the first states a problem and the second its result.”
Appears in Lesson 79
paralleladjectivetechnical
matching in grammatical structure on both sides of a comparison (সমান্তরাল)
Often with parallel structure, parallel form, in parallel
“'Faster, cheaper, and safer' keeps the list parallel.”
Appears in Task 70
parallel alternativenoun phrasecourse term
a second, equally valid option offered alongside the first, as signalled by 'alternatively,' distinct from an exception that overrides a rule (সমান্তরাল বিকল্প)
Often with offer a parallel alternative, a parallel alternative to, valid parallel alternative
“'Alternatively, pay by card' offers a parallel alternative, not an exception to the cheque rule.”
Appears in Lesson 68
parallelismnounformal
matching grammatical structure across two linked parts of a sentence, such as both halves of 'not only… but also' (সমান্তরাল গঠন)
Often with grammatical parallelism, maintain parallelism, faulty parallelism
“'Not only reduces cost but also improves safety' shows parallelism: two matching verb phrases.”
Appears in Lesson 70
parentheticaladjectivetechnical
describing extra, inserted information not essential to a sentence's main grammatical structure (কোষ্ঠকভুক্ত/অতিরিক্ত সংযোজিত তথ্য)
Often with parenthetical remark, parenthetical information, parenthetical phrase
“The parenthetical remark about last year's figures can be removed without changing the sentence's main claim.”
Appears in Lesson 37
part-of relationshipnoun phrasecourse term
a component relationship, in which one thing is physically or structurally contained within a larger whole (অংশ-সম্পর্ক)
Often with a part-of relationship, express a part-of relationship, part-of relationship between
“'A spreader is part of a crane' states a part-of relationship, not a category one.”
Appears in Lesson 61
past participlenountechnical
the verb form used after have or be, such as finished or written (অতীত কৃদন্ত)
Often with form the past participle, past participle after have, regular past participle
“'Approved' is the past participle in 'The plan has been approved'.”
Appears in Task 3
payoffnounneutral
a useful or beneficial result gained from an effort (লাভ/ফলাফল)
Often with a big payoff, payoff from, long-term payoff
“The payoff from the training was a thirty percent drop in errors.”
Appears in Task 20
percentage pointnoun phrasetechnical
a unit for the absolute difference between two percentages, distinct from a relative percent change (শতাংশ পয়েন্ট)
Often with rise by two percentage points, a percentage point drop, percentage point difference
“Market share increased from ten percent to twelve percent, a rise of two percentage points.”
Appears in Lesson 55
permissionnounneutral
authorization to do something, one of the two common meanings of 'may' alongside possibility (অনুমতি)
Often with give permission, require permission, written permission
“Visitors need written permission from the security office before entering the yard.”
Appears in Lesson 64
perspectivenounformal
a particular way of thinking about or viewing something (দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি)
Often with from a perspective, different perspective, broader perspective
“From a legal perspective, the safest course is to notify the regulator immediately.”
Appears in Lesson 19
perspective biasnoun phrasecourse term
a text's tendency to present one stakeholder's view of an event as though it were the complete picture, while other stakeholders' views go unmentioned (দৃষ্টিভঙ্গিগত পক্ষপাত)
Often with perspective bias, show perspective bias, risk of perspective bias
“The article shows perspective bias: it quotes only management and never the drivers.”
Appears in Lesson 76
persuasiveadjectiveformal
intended or able to influence a reader's beliefs or actions (প্ররোচনামূলক)
Often with persuasive argument, highly persuasive, persuasive language
“The business case was persuasive because it combined clear figures with a realistic timeline.”
Appears in Lesson 34
phased implementationnoun phraseformal
introducing a change gradually, in stages, rather than all at once (পর্যায়ক্রমিক বাস্তবায়ন)
Often with a phased implementation, plan a phased implementation, phased implementation of
“The authority opted for phased implementation, starting with export lanes before extending to imports.”
Appears in Lesson 64
pick upphrasal verbneutral
to continue or return to an idea mentioned earlier (পুনরায় তুলে ধরা)
Often with pick up on, pick up the thread, pick up where you left off
“Let me pick up the point I made about cost earlier.”
Appears in Drill 79
pivotnounneutral
the turning point in speech where you move from one side of an argument to your response (মোড়)
Often with pivot to, the pivot in, pivot from
“The pivot word 'however' tells the listener my real point is coming.”
plateaunoun / verbneutral
a relatively stable level reached after a period of change, where further increase slows or stops (স্থিতিশীল স্তর)
Often with reach a plateau, remain on a plateau, plateau at
“After rapid growth, container volumes have plateaued at around two million a year.”
Appears in Lesson 62
plausibleadjectiveformal
reasonable or believable, though not necessarily proven (যুক্তিসঙ্গত/বিশ্বাসযোগ্য)
Often with plausible explanation, entirely plausible, seem plausible
“A software fault is a plausible cause, but the logs do not yet confirm it.”
policy scopenoun phraseformal
the specific population or set of situations a rule or policy is stated to apply to (নীতির পরিধি)
Often with define the policy scope, policy scope of, outside the policy scope
“The policy scope covers all contractors working on port premises, not just employees.”
Appears in Lesson 64
polysemynountechnical
a single word having several related meanings (একটি শব্দের একাধিক সম্পর্কিত অর্থ)
Often with example of polysemy, lexical polysemy, polysemy in
“The word 'run' shows polysemy: it can mean operate, manage, or move quickly, depending on context.”
Appears in Lesson 36
poorly informed decisionsphraseformal
decisions made without adequate or well-understood information (অপর্যাপ্ত তথ্যভিত্তিক সিদ্ধান্ত)
Often with make poorly informed decisions, lead to poorly informed decisions, poorly informed decisions about
“Weak reporting leads managers to make poorly informed decisions about staffing.”
Appears in Lesson 50
popularadjectiveneutral
liked or used by many people (জনপ্রিয়)
Often with popular choice, increasingly popular, popular with
“Online booking is popular with drivers because it saves time.”
Appears in Drill 23
pose a riskphraseformal
to create or present a danger or difficulty (ঝুঁকি তৈরি করা)
Often with pose a serious risk, pose a threat, pose a challenge
“Unsecured containers pose a risk to workers in high winds.”
Appears in Lesson 45
post hoc reasoningnoun phrasetechnical
assuming that because one event followed another, the first must have caused the second (পরবর্তী-অতএব-কারণ যুক্তি)
Often with avoid post hoc reasoning, fall into post hoc reasoning, example of post hoc reasoning
“Crediting the new policy because accidents fell afterwards is post hoc reasoning.”
potentialadjectiveformal
possible in the future, but not yet certain or real (সম্ভাব্য/সম্ভাবনাময়)
Often with potential risk, potential customer, potential for
“The risk register lists supplier failure as a potential threat to the project timeline.”
Appears in Lesson 9
practicenounneutral
a repeated activity done to improve a skill (also: the usual way of doing something) (অনুশীলন)
Often with good practice, put into practice, in practice
“New crane operators must complete forty hours of supervised practice before working a live shift.”
Appears in Lesson 0
precautionnounneutral
a preparation for something that might happen, not something that already applies (সতর্কতামূলক ব্যবস্থা)
Often with take a precaution, safety precaution, as a precaution
“As a precaution, bring a spare key.”
Appears in Task 68
precautionary conditionnoun phraseformal
a preparation made against a possible future event, as signalled by 'in case,' distinct from a condition that directly triggers an outcome (সতর্কতামূলক শর্ত)
Often with a precautionary condition, add a precautionary condition, precautionary condition for
“'Bring a spare key in case the lock jams' states a precautionary condition, not a direct trigger.”
Appears in Lesson 68
predictionnounformal
a statement about something expected to happen in the future (পূর্বাভাস)
Often with make a prediction, accurate prediction, prediction of
“The analyst's prediction that volumes would rise proved accurate.”
Appears in Task 5
preliminaryadjectiveformal
happening at an early stage, before a fuller or final result is available (প্রাথমিক)
Often with preliminary findings, preliminary results, preliminary report
“The preliminary report suggests human error, but the full investigation is still under way.”
prematureadjectiveformal
happening or being made before enough evidence is available to support it (অকালপক্ব/তাড়াহুড়ো করে নেওয়া)
Often with premature conclusion, premature to say, prove premature
“It is premature to blame the contractor before the investigation has reported.”
premisenounformal
a statement offered as the reason a conclusion should be believed (আশ্রয়বাক্য/পূর্বশর্ত)
Often with a false premise, underlying premise, accept the premise
“The argument's premise, that all delays are avoidable, is doubtful.”
prerequisitenounformal
a necessary condition that must be satisfied before something else becomes possible, carrying a built-in sense of sequence (পূর্বশর্ত)
Often with a prerequisite for, essential prerequisite, prerequisite of
“A safety induction is a prerequisite for entering the yard.”
Appears in Lesson 67
presumablyadverbformal
probably true, based on reasonable expectation rather than direct evidence (সম্ভবত, এমনটা ধরে নেওয়া যায়)
Often with presumably because, presumably not, and presumably
“The invoice was left unpaid, presumably because the client's accounts team never received it.”
previewverbneutral
to give a short outline of something before covering it in full (পূর্বরূপ দেখানো)
Often with preview the structure, give a preview, preview of
“I will preview my answer in one sentence before I explain.”
Appears in Drill 48
primary sourcenoun phraseformal
a source where original information or data can be found directly, such as a research paper, system record, or original interview (মূল উৎস)
Often with consult a primary source, rely on a primary source, primary source of
“The auditors went back to the primary source, the original gate log, rather than rely on the summary.”
Appears in Lesson 75
principle of charitynoun phraseformal
the practice of constructing an argument's strongest, most reasonable interpretation before evaluating or critiquing it (উদারতার নীতি)
Often with apply the principle of charity, principle of charity in, use the principle of charity
“Applying the principle of charity, the reviewer restated the author's best argument before criticising it.”
Appears in Lesson 84
prioritynounneutral
something treated as more important than an alternative, especially when a choice must be made (অগ্রাধিকার)
Often with top priority, set priorities, priority over
“Safety is the terminal's first priority, ahead of speed and cost.”
Appears in Lesson 27
priority shiftnoun phrasecourse term
an explicit reordering of which point matters most, typically signalled by 'more importantly' (অগ্রাধিকার পরিবর্তন)
Often with signal a priority shift, sudden priority shift, priority shift towards
“'More importantly' signals a priority shift from cost to safety.”
Appears in Lesson 71
probabilitynountechnical
how likely something is to happen or be true (সম্ভাবনা)
Often with high probability, in all probability, probability of
“The risk model puts the probability of a berth delay this month at roughly one in five.”
probablyadverbneutral
likely, though not certain (সম্ভবত)
Often with probably because, probably not, most probably
“The gate is probably closed because the system is down.”
Appears in Drill 21
proceduraladjectiveformal
relating to the established steps or methods used to carry out a task (পদ্ধতিগত)
Often with procedural error, procedural requirements, procedural delay
“The appeal failed on a procedural error: the form was filed after the deadline.”
Appears in Lesson 29
procedurenounformal
a fixed, official way of doing something (পদ্ধতি/প্রক্রিয়া)
Often with follow the procedure, standard procedure, emergency procedure
“Staff must follow the lockout procedure before servicing any conveyor.”
progressnounneutral
movement forward toward a goal (অগ্রগতি)
Often with make progress, steady progress, progress towards
“The steering committee reviews the project's progress against its milestones every month.”
Appears in Lesson 0
progressionnounformal
a gradual development or movement from one stage to the next (ক্রমবিকাশ)
Often with logical progression, natural progression, career progression
“The manual presents a logical progression from basic safety rules to emergency response.”
Appears in Lesson 25
promptverbformal
to cause or lead to a following action or decision (উদ্বুদ্ধ করা)
Often with prompt a response, prompt a review, prompted by
“The complaint prompted a full review of the procedure.”
Appears in Task 79
proposeverbformal
to put forward an idea or explanation for consideration (প্রস্তাব করা)
Often with propose a solution, propose a change, formally propose
“The working group proposed a phased rollout of the new gate system, starting with export lanes.”
Appears in Lesson 13
propositionnounformal
the basic content of a claim, separate from how confidently it is stated (প্রস্তাবনা/বক্তব্য)
Often with basic proposition, central proposition, make a proposition
“The proposition that automation cuts costs was accepted, but the timeline for savings was disputed.”
Appears in Lesson 28
provided thatphraseformal
on the condition that; introduces a requirement that must be met (শর্তে)
Often with provided that, provided that the conditions are met, only provided that
“The container will be released provided that all fees have been paid.”
Appears in Lesson 54
proxy evidencenoun phrasetechnical
a measurable stand-in used for a concept that is difficult to measure directly, which may not fully capture that concept (প্রক্সি প্রমাণ)
Often with rely on proxy evidence, weak proxy evidence, proxy evidence for
“Complaint numbers are proxy evidence for customer satisfaction, though an imperfect measure.”
Appears in Lesson 75
proxy measurenoun phrasetechnical
a measurable indicator used to stand in for a broader, harder-to-measure concept (পরোক্ষ পরিমাপ)
Often with use a proxy measure, imperfect proxy measure, proxy measure for
“The number of complaints is a proxy measure for customer satisfaction, though an imperfect one.”
Appears in Lesson 59
pseudo-cleft constructionnoun phrasetechnical
a focus structure built with 'what,' such as 'what automation does is…,' that spotlights one element the way a cleft sentence does (আধা-বিভাজিত গঠন)
Often with a pseudo-cleft construction, use a pseudo-cleft construction, pseudo-cleft with 'what'
“'What the terminal needs is more cranes' is a pseudo-cleft construction that highlights the need.”
Appears in Lesson 70
publication biasnoun phrasetechnical
the tendency for studies with interesting or positive results to be published more often than studies finding no meaningful effect (প্রকাশনা পক্ষপাত)
Often with publication bias, risk of publication bias, correct for publication bias
“Publication bias may inflate the evidence, since trials showing no effect are rarely published.”
Appears in Lesson 75
publishverbformal
to make research, writing, or information publicly available (প্রকাশ করা)
Often with publish a report, publish findings, recently published
“The port authority publishes its annual performance report every March.”
Appears in Lesson 13
purpose taxonomynoun phrasecourse term
a classification of the different jobs a piece of writing can be doing, such as informing, arguing, warning, or recommending (উদ্দেশ্যের শ্রেণিবিভাগ)
Often with build a purpose taxonomy, use a purpose taxonomy, purpose taxonomy of
“A simple purpose taxonomy sorts writing into informing, arguing, warning, and recommending.”
Appears in Lesson 78
qualificationnounformal
a statement that limits or adds a condition to an earlier claim (সীমাবদ্ধতা/শর্ত)
Often with with the qualification that, important qualification, without qualification
“The analyst's forecast came with one qualification: it assumed no further strikes.”
Appears in Lesson 20, Lesson 25, Lesson 43, Lesson 44, Lesson 64, Lesson 69, Task 43, Task 47, Drill 44
qualifiernountechnical
a word or phrase that limits or softens the strength of a claim (সীমাবদ্ধতাসূচক শব্দ)
Often with add a qualifier, important qualifier, hedging qualifier
“The word 'usually' works as a qualifier, warning the reader that exceptions exist.”
Appears in Lesson 24
qualifyverbformal
to limit or add a condition to a statement so it isn't taken as absolute (সীমিত করা)
Often with qualify a statement, qualify as, heavily qualified
“The manager qualified her praise by noting that the results were still provisional.”
Appears in Lesson 17, Lesson 26, Lesson 38, Task 38, Task 71, Task 81
qualify a claimphraseformal
to limit, soften, or add conditions to how strongly a claim is being made (দাবিকে সীমিত/শর্তসাপেক্ষ করা)
Often with qualify a claim, carefully qualify, qualify a statement
“Adding 'in most cases' qualifies the claim and makes it easier to defend.”
Appears in Lesson 40
quantifiernountechnical
a word indicating an amount or proportion, such as some, many, most, or all, without giving an exact number (পরিমাণবাচক শব্দ)
Often with universal quantifier, quantifier such as, use a quantifier
“'Some', 'most', and 'all' are quantifiers that state how many, without giving a number.”
quantifier hierarchynoun phrasecourse term
the ordered scale of quantity words — all, almost all, most, many, some, few, almost none, none — each making a distinct strength of claim (পরিমাণবাচক ক্রম)
Often with the quantifier hierarchy, position on the quantifier hierarchy, climb the quantifier hierarchy
“On the quantifier hierarchy, 'most' claims more than 'many', so a report saying 'most' needs stronger data.”
Appears in Lesson 65
quantifier shiftnoun phrasecourse term
a change in a claim's quantifier — such as from 'all' to 'most' to 'some' — across its restatements, signalling growing caution (পরিমাণবাচক পরিবর্তন)
Often with a quantifier shift, notice a quantifier shift, quantifier shift from all to most
“A quantifier shift from 'all' to 'most' shows the author growing more cautious.”
Appears in Lesson 83
rather thanconjunctionneutral
used to show a preference for one option over another, naming the rejected option directly (তার পরিবর্তে)
Often with rather than, focus on X rather than Y, prefer X rather than Y
“The company chose to lease its cranes rather than buy them, to preserve cash.”
reachverbneutral
to arrive at a result, agreement, or level (পৌঁছানো)
Often with reach a conclusion, reach an agreement, reach capacity
“After two days of negotiation, both unions reached an agreement on overtime pay.”
Appears in Lesson 3
realizeverbneutral
to become fully aware of a fact, often suddenly (উপলব্ধি করা)
Often with realize that, fully realize, suddenly realize
“The project manager realized that the vendor's timeline ignored the two-week customs holiday.”
Appears in Lesson 4
reasonnounneutral
a cause or explanation for something (কারণ)
Often with reason for, main reason, good reason
“The most common reason for rejected declarations is a mismatch between the invoice and the packing list.”
reasonableadjectiveneutral
fair and sensible, in a way most people would accept (যুক্তিসঙ্গত)
Often with reasonable assumption, reasonable doubt, reasonable price
“It is reasonable to assume the delay was caused by the storm.”
Appears in Drill 77
rebuttalnounformal
an author's response to a counterargument, aimed at showing why the main claim still stands (প্রতিউত্তর)
Often with offer a rebuttal, strong rebuttal, rebuttal to
“The company's rebuttal pointed out that the audit had ignored the second half of the year.”
receiveverbneutral
to be given, sent, or handed something (গ্রহণ করা)
Often with receive a notification, receive approval, receive payment
“The shipping line received written confirmation that the berth had been reserved for Friday.”
Appears in Lesson 13
recognizeverbneutral
to notice and identify something because you know what it is (চিনতে/উপলব্ধি করতে)
Often with recognize a pattern, readily recognize, recognize the signs
“Experienced dispatchers recognize the early signs of yard congestion long before the queue reaches the gate.”
recommendationnounformal
the final, most action-oriented stage of an argument, urging a specific decision, and typically requiring the most supporting evidence of any stage (সুপারিশ)
Often with make a recommendation, formal recommendation, recommendation to
“The audit's main recommendation is that the port introduce independent safety inspections.”
Appears in Lesson 77
reconcileverbformal
to show how two apparently conflicting findings can both be true, without dismissing either one (মীমাংসা করা)
Often with reconcile the findings, reconcile two claims, difficult to reconcile
“The author reconciles the two findings by noting they cover different periods.”
Appears in Task 86
reconstructverbformal
to rebuild an argument in its clearest and strongest form before evaluating it (পুনর্গঠন করা)
Often with reconstruct the sequence, reconstruct an argument, reconstruct events
“Investigators reconstructed the sequence of events from the crane's control log.”
Appears in Lesson 33
recoverableadjectivetechnical
able to be reconstructed or supplied from surrounding context, even when omitted from the sentence itself (প্রসঙ্গ থেকে পুনরুদ্ধারযোগ্য)
Often with recoverable information, easily recoverable, recoverable from context
“In 'Some ports grew; others did not', the omitted verb is recoverable from the first clause.”
recruitmentnounneutral
the process of finding and hiring new staff (নিয়োগ প্রক্রিয়া)
Often with recruitment drive, recruitment process, recruitment agency
“A recruitment drive is under way to fill twenty vacancies in the operations department.”
Appears in Lesson 29
reduceverbneutral
to make something smaller in amount or degree (কমানো)
Often with reduce costs, reduce risk, significantly reduce
“A second gate lane reduced waiting time by half.”
Appears in Task 22
reducedadjectivetechnical
pronounced lightly and quickly, without stress (লঘুভাবে উচ্চারিত)
Often with reduced form, reduced pronunciation, reduced vowel
“In fast speech, 'them' is reduced to 'em'.”
Appears in Drill 10
reduced clausenoun phrasetechnical
a shortened version of a full clause, usually with the subject and auxiliary verb removed (সংক্ষিপ্ত অধীনস্থ বাক্যাংশ)
Often with reduced relative clause, form a reduced clause, participial reduced clause
“'Shipments delayed by weather' is a reduced clause meaning 'shipments that were delayed by weather'.”
Appears in Lesson 37
redundantadjectivetechnical
(in a technical context) additional or duplicate, provided deliberately as a backup (অতিরিক্ত/বিকল্প ব্যবস্থাস্বরূপ)
Often with redundant system, redundant power supply, built-in redundancy
“The data centre has a redundant power supply, so a single failure will not take it offline.”
referencenounneutral
a word that points back to something already mentioned, instead of repeating it (নির্দেশ)
Often with clear reference, with reference to, pronoun reference
“In speech, 'it' needs a clear reference so the listener knows what I mean.”
Appears in Drill 39
reference chainnouncourse term
a series of pronouns pointing back to the same noun or idea across several sentences (নির্দেশ শৃঙ্খল)
Often with follow the reference chain, build a reference chain, reference chain of pronouns
“The reference chain 'the supplier, it, its' keeps the paragraph focused on one company.”
Appears in Task 10
reference pointnoun phraseformal
the moment or period a time expression like 'then,' 'previously,' or 'at the time' is implicitly measured against (তুলনার সময়বিন্দু)
Often with a reference point, fixed reference point, use as a reference point
“'Since then' takes the signing of the contract as its reference point.”
Appears in Lesson 62
referentnountechnical
the specific thing, event, or idea that a word or phrase actually refers to (নির্দেশিত বস্তু/বিষয়)
Often with identify the referent, unclear referent, referent of
“In 'The clerk gave the manager her report', the referent of 'her' may be either woman.”
Appears in Lesson 39
refers tophraseformal
introduces a formal definition of a term (নির্দেশ করে/বোঝায়)
Often with the term refers to, refers to a situation, the phrase refers to
“In shipping, 'demurrage' refers to the charge for keeping a container beyond the free period.”
Appears in Lesson 52
refineverbformal
to make a claim more precise and accurate as evidence accumulates (পরিমার্জন করা)
Often with refine a claim, refine an argument, further refine
“The author refines the claim as evidence accumulates.”
refined positionnoun phrasecourse term
a more precise, qualified version of a claim, usually reached after evidence and counterarguments have been weighed (পরিমার্জিত অবস্থান)
Often with reach a refined position, refined position at the end, refined position of
“The author's refined position is that automation helps only where volumes are high.”
Appears in Lesson 78
reflexnounneutral
an automatic response that no longer needs conscious thought (প্রতিবর্ত ক্রিয়া)
Often with reflex response, quick reflex, develop a reflex
“With practice, the structure becomes a reflex rather than a decision.”
Appears in Drill 47
reframingnounformal
restating a claim in a more precise or different form, often signalled by 'rather,' without necessarily rejecting the original claim outright (পুনর্গঠন)
Often with a reframing of, offer a reframing, useful reframing
“The minister offered a reframing: delays were not a failure but a sign of high demand.”
Appears in Lesson 69
regressionnountechnical
in reading, repeatedly returning to an earlier point in the text before continuing forward (পশ্চাদ্গমন)
Often with reading regression, frequent regression, regression to earlier text
“Constant regression to earlier sentences slows reading and usually signals unfamiliar structures.”
Appears in Lesson 46
regression to the meannoun phrasetechnical
the tendency for an unusually extreme result to drift back toward average on its own (গড়ের দিকে প্রত্যাবর্তন)
Often with due to regression to the mean, explain by regression to the mean, regression to the mean effect
“A record-bad month may improve simply through regression to the mean.”
reinforceverbformal
to strengthen a claim or point that has already been made (আরও দৃঢ় করা)
Often with reinforce the point, reinforce a message, further reinforce
“The second dataset reinforces the first study's finding that delays cluster around shift changes.”
Appears in Lesson 38
relateverbformal
to be connected to something, or to show a connection (সম্পর্কিত করা)
Often with relate to, closely related, directly relate
“The complaints all relate to the same shipment, which was mislabelled at origin.”
Appears in Lesson 10
related tocollocationneutral
connected to something, without specifying exactly how (সম্পর্কিত)
Often with be related to, closely related to, directly related to
“The complaints are related to the new gate procedure, though we cannot yet say it caused them.”
Appears in Drill 24
relationshipnounneutral
the way two or more things are connected or affect each other (সম্পর্ক)
Often with close relationship, relationship between, working relationship
“The study found no clear relationship between overtime hours and accident rates.”
Appears in Lesson 4
relevancenounformal
the quality of still mattering to the present situation (প্রাসঙ্গিকতা)
Often with of relevance, direct relevance, lose relevance
“The report explains the relevance of last year's delays to this year's budget.”
Appears in Task 5
reliabilitynounformal
the quality of being consistently good or dependable (নির্ভরযোগ্যতা)
Often with system reliability, improve reliability, reliability of
“The ministry ranks ports on schedule reliability, not just on cargo volume.”
reliableadjectiveneutral
able to be trusted to be accurate or to work correctly (বিশ্বাসযোগ্য/নির্ভরযোগ্য)
Often with reliable source, highly reliable, reliable service
“The forecasting model is only as reliable as the vessel arrival data that feeds it.”
Appears in Lesson 12
rely onphrasal verbneutral
to depend on something or someone (নির্ভর করা)
Often with rely heavily on, rely on data, rely on a system
“The terminal relies on manual checks when the scanner is offline.”
Appears in Drill 22
remainverbformal
to stay in the same state or condition (থেকে যাওয়া/অবশিষ্ট থাকা)
Often with remain unchanged, remain stable, remain a concern
“Despite the upgrade, average truck waiting time remains above two hours.”
Appears in Lesson 5
removal testnoun phrasecourse term
a way to judge a sentence's importance by imagining it deleted and seeing what, if anything, is lost (অপসারণ পরীক্ষা)
Often with apply the removal test, use the removal test, removal test for
“Apply the removal test: if deleting the sentence changes nothing important, it was a detail.”
repairverbneutral
to fix something that is broken or damaged (মেরামত করা)
Often with repair a fault, urgent repair, repair work
“The crane needs repair before it can lift heavy loads again.”
Appears in Drill 15
replicateverbtechnical
to repeat a study independently to see whether it produces the same result (পুনরাবৃত্তি/পুনরায় সম্পাদন করা)
Often with replicate a study, replicate the results, fail to replicate
“Other laboratories could not replicate the results, which weakened confidence in the original claim.”
reporting verbnoun phrasetechnical
the verb an author uses to relay a source's claim, such as found, suggested, or speculated; it shows how strong the claim is (প্রতিবেদনকারী ক্রিয়া)
Often with choose a reporting verb, strong reporting verb, reporting verb such as
“'The study demonstrated' is a stronger reporting verb than 'the study speculated'.”
Appears in Lesson 75
representverbformal
to stand for or be a symbol of something (প্রতিনিধিত্ব করা)
Often with represent a risk, represent a change, represent a proportion
“The red segment of the chart represents overdue invoices, which now make up a fifth of all receivables.”
representation strategynoun phraseformal
the specific device — example, analogy, case study, metaphor, or model — an author chooses to convey an idea at a given moment (উপস্থাপন কৌশল)
Often with choose a representation strategy, effective representation strategy, representation strategy of
“The author's representation strategy is a metaphor: ports as the heart of trade.”
Appears in Lesson 60
representativeadjectiveformal
accurately reflecting the characteristics of a larger group or population (প্রতিনিধিত্বমূলক)
Often with representative sample, fully representative, not representative
“Interviews with three drivers are not representative of the thousands who use the terminal.”
representative samplenoun phrasetechnical
a subset selected to reflect the characteristics of a larger population accurately (প্রতিনিধিত্বমূলক নমুনা)
Often with draw a representative sample, truly representative sample, representative sample of
“Interviewing only night-shift drivers does not give a representative sample of all drivers.”
representativenessnountechnical
the degree to which a sample reflects the characteristics of the broader population it is meant to stand in for (প্রতিনিধিত্বশীলতা)
Often with question representativeness, representativeness of the sample, ensure representativeness
“The representativeness of the survey was questionable because only day-shift staff replied.”
Appears in Lesson 74
requireverbformal
to need something, or to make it compulsory (প্রয়োজন হওয়া)
Often with require approval, be required to, strictly require
“Every vendor account requires two-factor authentication before it can access the billing portal.”
requirementnounformal
something that must happen, not merely something advised (প্রয়োজনীয়তা)
Often with meet the requirement, legal requirement, requirement for
“A safety induction is a requirement for entering the yard.”
Appears in Drill 64
researchnounformal
careful study of a subject to discover new facts; uncountable when it means the general activity (গবেষণা)
Often with conduct research, market research, research shows
“Market research showed that shippers care more about reliability than about price.”
Appears in Lesson 6
residual risknoun phrasetechnical
the risk that remains after mitigation measures have been applied (অবশিষ্ট ঝুঁকি)
Often with residual risk, accept the residual risk, low residual risk
“After installing fire barriers, the residual risk of a warehouse fire was rated as low.”
Appears in Lesson 66
resiliencenounformal
the ability of a system to recover or adapt after a disruption (স্থিতিস্থাপকতা)
Often with supply chain resilience, build resilience, show resilience
“The port's resilience was tested when a storm closed the harbour for three days.”
Appears in Lesson 63
resilientadjectiveformal
able to continue functioning or recover quickly despite disruption or difficulty (সহনশীল/স্থিতিস্থাপক)
Often with resilient system, remain resilient, economic resilience
“The supply chain proved resilient, recovering within a week of the port closure.”
Appears in Lesson 36
resolveverbformal
to determine exactly what a reference expression or ambiguity actually points to or means (নিষ্পত্তি/সমাধান করা)
Often with resolve the reference, resolve ambiguity, resolve an issue
“Readers must resolve who 'they' refers to before the sentence makes sense.”
resolve the scopephrasetechnical
to determine exactly which part of a sentence a negation, quantifier, or limiter actually applies to (পরিসর নির্ধারণ করা)
Often with resolve the scope of, resolve scope ambiguity, resolve the scope of negation
“To resolve the scope of 'only', ask which word or phrase it is meant to limit.”
Appears in Lesson 40
response ratenoun phrasetechnical
the proportion of an invited or eligible population that actually responded, not a proportion of the respondents themselves (প্রতিক্রিয়ার হার)
Often with low response rate, survey response rate, improve the response rate
“The survey had a response rate of only twelve percent, so its findings may not represent all drivers.”
Appears in Lesson 56
responsibleadjectiveformal
having a duty to deal with something, or being the cause of it (দায়িত্বশীল)
Often with be responsible for, held responsible, personally responsible
“The shift supervisor is responsible for reporting any safety incident within one hour.”
Appears in Lesson 7
restartverbneutral
to begin again from the start (পুনরায় শুরু করা)
Often with restart the system, restart a sentence, restart from
“If the scanner freezes, restart it and rescan the container.”
Appears in Drill 2
restatement markernoun phrasecourse term
a phrase like 'in other words' or 'that is' that signals a claim is being rephrased for clarity, not supported with new evidence (পুনর্বিবৃতি নির্দেশক)
Often with use a restatement marker, restatement marker such as, common restatement marker
“'In other words' is a restatement marker: what follows repeats the claim, not new evidence.”
Appears in Lesson 71
restrictverbformal
to limit something to a smaller group or range than it might otherwise cover (সীমিত করা)
Often with restrict access, strictly restrict, restrict to
“Access to the control room is restricted to authorised staff only.”
Appears in Lesson 25
resultnounneutral
something that happens because of something else (ফলাফল)
Often with as a result, result in, positive result
“As a result of the new booking system, average gate waiting time fell by twenty minutes.”
Appears in Lesson 8
result fromphrasal verbformal
to be caused by something stated afterward; the effect is named first and the cause follows (থেকে উদ্ভূত হওয়া)
Often with result from a fault, largely result from, result directly from
“The delays resulted from a shortage of drivers, not from equipment failure.”
Appears in Lesson 41
result inphrasal verbformal
to cause a stated outcome; the cause is named first and the effect follows (ফলস্বরূপ ঘটানো)
Often with result in delays, result in a loss, may result in
“Failure to file the declaration on time may result in a fine.”
Appears in Lesson 41
reviewverbformal
to look at something again carefully (পুনরায় পরীক্ষা করা)
Often with review the evidence, annual review, carefully review
“The safety officer will review every near-miss report at the end of the month.”
rhetoricnounformal
the use of language chosen to shape a reader's understanding, judgment, or attitude (অলংকারশাস্ত্র/ভাষার প্রভাবী ব্যবহার)
Often with political rhetoric, empty rhetoric, rhetoric of
“The minister's rhetoric about efficiency was not matched by any concrete policy.”
Appears in Lesson 34
rhetorical emphasisnoun phraseformal
weight an author gives to part of a claim through word choice, structure, or position, independent of any new factual content (অলংকারিক গুরুত্ব)
Often with add rhetorical emphasis, strong rhetorical emphasis, rhetorical emphasis on
“Repeating 'never' three times adds rhetorical emphasis but no new information.”
Appears in Lesson 70
rhetorical functionnoun phrasetechnical
the job a sentence does in an argument, such as claim, evidence, or concession, as distinct from its grammar (বাচনিক ভূমিকা)
Often with identify the rhetorical function, rhetorical function of, primary rhetorical function
“The rhetorical function of the final sentence is qualification: it limits the claim.”
Appears in Lesson 78
rhetorical movenoun phrasetechnical
a deliberate step an author takes to build an argument, such as introducing an objection or offering a rebuttal (বাচনিক পদক্ষেপ)
Often with a rhetorical move, make a rhetorical move, typical rhetorical move
“Raising an objection and then answering it is a common rhetorical move.”
Appears in Lesson 78
rhetorical weightnoun phraseformal
how much a piece of information actually matters to an author's overall meaning, independent of its length, position, or level of technical detail (বাচনিক গুরুত্ব)
Often with carry rhetorical weight, greater rhetorical weight, rhetorical weight of
“A short concluding sentence can carry more rhetorical weight than a long paragraph of detail.”
ringverbneutral
to make a clear ringing sound (বাজা)
Often with the phone rings, ring loudly, keeps ringing
“The phone in the gate office rings whenever a truck arrives without a booking.”
Appears in Drill 1
risk matrixnoun phrasetechnical
an informal grid for sorting risks by combining their probability and their impact (ঝুঁকি ম্যাট্রিক্স)
Often with build a risk matrix, use a risk matrix, position on the risk matrix
“On the risk matrix, a fuel spill is rated unlikely but severe.”
Appears in Lesson 66
robustadjectiveformal
strong and able to withstand reasonable challenges or scrutiny (মজবুত/সুদৃঢ়)
Often with robust evidence, robust system, highly robust
“The conclusion is robust because three independent datasets point the same way.”
Appears in Lesson 30
robustnessnountechnical
the ability of a system to keep performing steadily despite variation, errors, or unexpected conditions (দৃঢ়তা)
Often with system robustness, improve robustness, robustness of
“The test measured the robustness of the billing system under three times the normal load.”
Appears in Lesson 63
root causenoun phrasetechnical
the deeper, underlying condition responsible for a problem, as opposed to its immediate trigger (মূল কারণ)
Often with root cause analysis, identify the root cause, underlying root cause
“Root cause analysis showed that the failure began with an untrained operator, not a faulty machine.”
routenounneutral
the path taken between one place and another (রুট/পথ)
Often with shipping route, alternative route, on route
“The carrier chose a longer route to avoid the storm.”
Appears in Task 15
rule outphrasal verbneutral
to eliminate a possibility as unlikely or impossible (বাদ দেওয়া/অগ্রাহ্য করা)
Often with rule out the possibility, cannot rule out, rule out a cause
“Investigators have not ruled out human error as a contributing cause of the collision.”
scalableadjectivetechnical
able to be expanded or adapted to a much larger size without losing effectiveness (সম্প্রসারণযোগ্য)
Often with scalable solution, highly scalable, scalable architecture
“The team chose a scalable design that can handle ten times today's traffic without a rebuild.”
Appears in Lesson 27
schedulenounneutral
a planned time for something to happen (সময়সূচি)
Often with on schedule, behind schedule, schedule of
“The vessel arrived on schedule despite the storm.”
Appears in Task 12
schedulingnounformal
the process of planning when things will happen (সময়সূচি নির্ধারণ)
Often with scheduling conflict, scheduling of, scheduling system
“A scheduling conflict caused two vessels to arrive for the same berth.”
Appears in Drill 18
scopenounformal
the range or extent of people, situations, or conditions that a claim or study actually covers (পরিধি/সীমা)
Often with scope of, limited scope, beyond the scope
“The review's scope is limited to export operations; import processes were not examined.”
Appears in Lesson 30, Lesson 38, Lesson 40, Task 30, Task 40, Task 81, Drill 30, Drill 40
scope restrictionnoun phrasetechnical
the specific part of a sentence a limiting word like 'only' actually narrows, which can shift depending on its placement (পরিধি সীমাবদ্ধতা)
Often with a scope restriction, apply a scope restriction, scope restriction of
“'Only managers may approve refunds' places a scope restriction on who approves, not on what is refunded.”
Appears in Lesson 67
scope shiftnoun phrasecourse term
a conclusion that quietly claims a broader scope than its supporting premise actually covers (পরিধির স্থানান্তর)
Often with commit a scope shift, subtle scope shift, scope shift from
“A scope shift occurs when data on one terminal is used to draw conclusions about every terminal.”
Appears in Lesson 72
secondary sourcenoun phraseformal
a source that summarises, analyses, or reports on someone else's original evidence, rather than presenting it firsthand (গৌণ উৎস)
Often with cite a secondary source, rely on a secondary source, secondary source such as
“A news article summarising the report is a secondary source, so check the original.”
Appears in Lesson 75
section spinenoun phrasecourse term
a compressed sequence of a few words or short phrases capturing a whole section's argument in its essential order (অনুচ্ছেদগুচ্ছের মেরুদণ্ড)
Often with write the section spine, section spine of, compress to a section spine
“The section spine reads: problem, failed fix, working solution.”
Appears in Lesson 79
selection biasnoun phrasetechnical
a distortion arising because the sample studied is not representative of the population a conclusion is being generalized to (নির্বাচন পক্ষপাত)
Often with selection bias, risk of selection bias, correct for selection bias
“Surveying only customers who stayed with the company creates selection bias.”
self-reported measurenoun phrasetechnical
data based on what someone said, felt, or perceived, as distinct from an independently, objectively measured quantity (স্ব-প্রতিবেদিত পরিমাপ)
Often with rely on a self-reported measure, self-reported measure of, limits of self-reported measures
“Job satisfaction was a self-reported measure, so it may not reflect actual behaviour.”
Appears in Lesson 73
sentence positionnoun phraseformal
where a sentence sits within a paragraph — beginning, middle, or end — which often predicts, though never guarantees, its rhetorical role (বাক্যের অবস্থান)
Often with sentence position, sentence position in the paragraph, predict from sentence position
“Sentence position often hints at function: opening sentences frequently state the main claim.”
Appears in Lesson 78
sentence rolenoun phrasetechnical
the specific job a sentence performs within a paragraph's argument, such as background, evidence, or qualification (বাক্যের ভূমিকা)
Often with identify the sentence role, sentence role in the paragraph, clear sentence role
“Before summarizing, label each sentence's role: background, evidence, or qualification.”
Appears in Lesson 47
severeadjectiveformal
serious in effect or consequence (গুরুতর)
Often with severe consequences, severe delay, less severe
“The impact of a fuel spill would be severe, even though the probability is low.”
Appears in Drill 66
shipverbneutral
to send goods somewhere, usually by a carrier (পাঠানো/চালান করা)
Often with ship goods, ship by sea, shipped from
“We ship the goods by sea to arrive within three weeks.”
Appears in Drill 13
signalverbneutral
to give a sign showing what you're about to do (সংকেত দেওয়া)
Often with signal a change, clear signal, signal that
“Use 'first' and 'then' to signal each step in your explanation.”
Appears in Drill 19
significantadjectiveformal
large or important enough to be worth noting (উল্লেখযোগ্য)
Often with significant increase, statistically significant, significant impact
“The audit found a significant gap between the recorded and the actual container inventory.”
Appears in Lesson 9
signpostverbtechnical
to use a word or phrase that shows a listener where an explanation is going (নির্দেশক শব্দ ব্যবহার করা)
Often with signpost the transition, signpost clearly, signpost such as
“Use a signpost like 'my main point is' so the listener knows where you are going.”
silent strengtheningnoun phrasecourse term
the comprehension error of mentally restating a hedged claim in stronger, unhedged language without noticing the substitution (নীরব শক্তিবৃদ্ধি)
Often with avoid silent strengthening, guard against silent strengthening, silent strengthening of
“Silent strengthening occurs when 'may reduce costs' is remembered as 'reduces costs'.”
similaradjectiveneutral
alike in some ways, but not identical (সদৃশ)
Often with similar to, remarkably similar, similar results
“Ports of a similar size often report very different levels of crane productivity.”
Appears in Lesson 7
similaritynounformal
a way in which two things are alike (সাদৃশ্য)
Often with striking similarity, similarity between, share similarities
“There are notable similarities between the two contracts, particularly in their liability clauses.”
Appears in Lesson 8
simultaneousadjectiveformal
happening or existing at the same time as something else (সমকালীন/একযোগে ঘটমান)
Often with simultaneous events, simultaneous rise, occur simultaneously
“Two simultaneous system failures made it hard to identify which one caused the outage.”
Appears in Lesson 29
skeletonnountechnical
(in reading) the core subject-verb-object of a sentence, with all modifying material stripped away (মূল কাঠামো)
Often with sentence skeleton, core skeleton, strip to the skeleton
“Stripped to its skeleton, the long sentence simply says: the committee rejected the proposal.”
skepticaladjectiveformal
not easily convinced; inclined to doubt a claim until it is well supported (সন্দেহপ্রবণ)
Often with remain skeptical, healthy skepticism, skeptical of
“Investors remain skeptical of the company's claim that costs will fall by a third.”
Appears in Lesson 35
skimverbneutral
to read quickly for overall structure and main idea, rather than for full detail (দ্রুত ভাসাভাসা পড়া)
Often with skim the text, skim quickly, skim for the main idea
“Managers usually skim a long report first to find its recommendation before reading the detail.”
Appears in Lesson 46
slantverbneutral
to present true information in a way that favors one impression over another (পক্ষপাতমূলকভাবে উপস্থাপন করা)
Often with slant the facts, slant the story, slant towards
“The article slants the story by quoting only management.”
Appears in Task 76
solveverbneutral
to find an answer or a way of dealing with a problem (সমাধান করা)
Often with solve a problem, solve an issue, help solve
“The support engineer solved the login failure by clearing a corrupted session token.”
Appears in Lesson 3
specificadjectiveneutral
clearly identified and particular, not general (সুনির্দিষ্ট)
Often with specific requirements, specific example, be specific
“The contract lists specific penalties for late delivery, not just a general clause.”
speculateverbformal
to form a theory without firm evidence (অনুমান করা)
Often with speculate about, speculate that, widely speculated
“Analysts speculate that the merger will lead to job cuts, though the company has not confirmed this.”
Appears in Lesson 16
spinenounneutral
the sequence of a chapter's major ideas, which could survive as a summary even if every supporting detail were removed (মূল কাঠামো/মেরুদণ্ড)
Often with the spine of, chapter spine, follow the spine
“The spine of the chapter is simple: a problem, two failed solutions, and a working fix.”
spotlightnounneutral
the part of a sentence that receives the reader's attention (মনোযোগের কেন্দ্র)
Often with in the spotlight, put the spotlight on, spotlight on
“Placing 'safety' at the start of the sentence puts the spotlight on it.”
stabilitynounformal
the state of being steady and not easily disrupted or changed (স্থিতিশীলতা)
Often with political stability, financial stability, ensure stability
“Long-term contracts give the terminal revenue stability during slow trading periods.”
Appears in Lesson 23
stagenounneutral
one step or phase within a longer process (পর্যায়)
Often with early stage, next stage, stage of the process
“At the first stage, the container is scanned at the gate.”
Appears in Drill 62
stakenounneutral
a personal or financial interest in a particular outcome (স্বার্থ)
Often with have a stake in, high stakes, financial stake
“The vendor has a stake in the result, so treat its claim with care.”
Appears in Drill 75
stancenounformal
an author's attitude toward, or degree of commitment to, a claim they are making (অবস্থান/মনোভাব)
Often with take a stance, cautious stance, official stance
“The regulator took a firm stance against operators who falsify records.”
Appears in Lesson 28
state changenoun phrasetechnical
a transition from one defined condition of a system or record to another, typically triggered by an event (অবস্থা পরিবর্তন)
Often with trigger a state change, state change event, record a state change
“An order moves from 'pending' to 'approved' when a state change is triggered by the manager's sign-off.”
statistically significantphrasetechnical
describing a result unlikely to be explained by random variation, according to a formal statistical test — not the same as practically important (পরিসংখ্যানগতভাবে তাৎপর্যপূর্ণ)
Often with statistically significant difference, statistically significant result, not statistically significant
“The improvement was statistically significant, but at half a percent it was too small to matter commercially.”
Appears in Lesson 55
steelmanverbneutral
to reconstruct the strongest, most reasonable version of an argument before evaluating or challenging it (যুক্তির সবচেয়ে শক্তিশালী রূপ পুনর্গঠন করা)
Often with steelman an argument, steelman the opposing view, steelman before you criticise
“Before criticising the report, steelman it: state its best case in the fairest possible terms.”
steelmanningnoun / verbtechnical
constructing the strongest, fairest possible version of someone's argument before evaluating or critiquing it (শক্তিশালীভাবে যুক্তি পুনর্গঠন)
Often with practise steelmanning, steelmanning an opponent, steelmanning before criticism
“The reviewer used steelmanning, restating the author's best argument before challenging it.”
Appears in Lesson 80
strawmannounneutral
a weaker, easier-to-defeat version of an opposing argument, attacked in place of the argument's actual strongest form (মিথ্যা প্রতিপক্ষ)
Often with attack a strawman, build a strawman, a strawman argument
“The critic attacked a strawman: he claimed the report wanted all tariffs abolished, when it proposed only a cap.”
Appears in Lesson 84
streaknounneutral
a number of days in a row that you have studied (ধারাবাহিকতা)
Often with winning streak, unbroken streak, keep a streak going
“The terminal has kept an unbroken streak of two hundred days without a lost-time injury.”
Appears in Lesson 0
stressnounneutral
extra emphasis given to certain words in speech (শব্দে জোর)
Often with stress a word, place the stress, word stress
“Put the stress on 'safety', not on 'speed', if that is your main point.”
stretchverbneutral
(figurative) to push a conclusion further than the evidence actually allows (বেশি দূর টেনে নেওয়া)
Often with stretch the evidence, stretch the truth, stretch a point
“It would stretch the evidence to say the policy works everywhere.”
Appears in Drill 55
structural blueprintnoun phraseformal
a table of contents read as a deliberate map of a book's intellectual architecture, rather than a simple page-number index (কাঠামোগত নকশা)
Often with read as a structural blueprint, structural blueprint of, use as a structural blueprint
“Read carefully, the table of contents is a structural blueprint for the book's argument.”
Appears in Lesson 81
structurenounneutral
the way something is organized into parts (কাঠামো)
Often with clear structure, structure of, organise the structure
“A clear structure helps the listener follow a long explanation.”
Appears in Drill 48
studyverbneutral
to examine a subject carefully in order to understand it (অধ্যয়ন করা)
Often with study the data, study closely, study a problem
“The engineering team studied six months of gate-transaction logs before redesigning the queue.”
subjunctive constructionnoun phrasetechnical
a formal grammatical pattern using the base verb form after phrases like 'it is recommended that,' rather than the usual present-tense form (সাবজাংটিভ গঠন)
Often with use the subjunctive construction, formal subjunctive construction, subjunctive construction after
“'The committee recommends that the manager be replaced' uses a subjunctive construction after 'recommends that'.”
Appears in Lesson 64
submitverbformal
to formally hand in or present something, such as a document (জমা দেওয়া)
Often with submit a report, submit for approval, submit by the deadline
“Applicants must submit the form by Friday.”
Appears in Task 15
subordinate clausenoun phrasetechnical
a dependent clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence (অধীনস্থ বাক্যাংশ)
Often with add a subordinate clause, subordinate clause with although, embed a subordinate clause
“'Although the vessel was late, the crew unloaded it quickly' contains a subordinate clause.”
subordinationnountechnical
joining a main clause to a dependent clause that cannot stand alone, using words like because/although/when (অধীনতা)
Often with subordinate clause, use subordination, subordination of
“'Although the vessel arrived late, the crew disembarked' uses subordination to make one clause depend on the other.”
Appears in Lesson 42
subsetnountechnical
a smaller group within a larger group (উপসেট)
Often with a subset of, small subset, subset of cases
“The finding applies to a subset of cases: export cargo only.”
Appears in Drill 83
substantiateverbformal
to provide evidence that supports or confirms a claim (প্রমাণ দ্বারা সমর্থন করা)
Often with substantiate a claim, fully substantiate, unable to substantiate
“The company could not substantiate its claim that the terminal was the fastest in the region.”
Appears in Lesson 33
substituteverbtechnical
to use one word or phrase in place of another to avoid repetition, while keeping the same referent (প্রতিস্থাপন করা)
Often with substitute for, substitute word, substitute expression
“In 'The first vessel was late; the second one was on time', 'one' substitutes for 'vessel'.”
Appears in Lesson 39
succeedverbneutral
to achieve something you were trying to do (সফল হওয়া)
Often with succeed in, successfully, succeed at
“The team succeeded in restoring the billing system before the month-end deadline.”
Appears in Lesson 14
sufficientadjectiveformal
enough for a particular purpose (পর্যাপ্ত)
Often with sufficient evidence, sufficient funds, more than sufficient
“The audit found no sufficient evidence that the safety checks had been carried out.”
sufficient conditionnoun phrasetechnical
something that, by itself, guarantees an outcome (পর্যাপ্ত শর্ত)
Often with a sufficient condition, sufficient condition for, necessary and sufficient
“A signed customs release is a sufficient condition for the gate to let the container out.”
Appears in Lesson 61
suggestverbformal
to put forward an idea, or to indicate that something may be true (ইঙ্গিত দেওয়া/প্রস্তাব করা)
Often with suggest that, evidence suggests, strongly suggest
“The incident logs suggest that the outage began after the certificate expired.”
superlativeadjectivetechnical
expressing the highest or lowest degree of a quality, implicitly comparing against every relevant alternative (সর্বোচ্চ/সর্বনিম্ন মাত্রাসূচক)
Often with use a superlative, superlative form, superlative claim
“'The fastest port in the region' is a superlative claim that needs data to back it up.”
Appears in Lesson 27
supportverbformal
to provide evidence that helps show a claim is true (সমর্থন করা)
Often with support a claim, support a theory, data supports
“The pilot results support the argument that automated gates reduce truck waiting time.”
surprisingadjectiveneutral
unexpected given what came before (অপ্রত্যাশিত)
Often with surprising result, somewhat surprising, hardly surprising
“The result was surprising given the earlier trend.”
Appears in Task 46
survivorship biasnoun phrasetechnical
a distortion caused by studying only the cases that succeeded or persisted, while the failed or missing cases are left out of the sample (উত্তরজীবী পক্ষপাত)
Often with suffer from survivorship bias, avoid survivorship bias, survivorship bias in
“Studying only surviving firms introduces survivorship bias, since failed firms are not in the sample.”
symptomnounneutral
a visible sign of a problem, not the problem's underlying cause (লক্ষণ)
Often with a symptom of, obvious symptom, treat the symptom
“Long queues are a symptom of the underlying scheduling problem.”
Appears in Drill 63
synonymnountechnical
a word closely related in meaning to another, often used to avoid repeating the same word (সমার্থক শব্দ)
Often with a synonym for, close synonym, use a synonym
“The writer used 'shipment' and 'consignment' as synonyms to avoid repeating the same word.”
Appears in Lesson 23
synthesisnounformal
a combination of separate ideas into one overall conclusion or judgment (সমন্বয়/সংশ্লেষণ)
Often with a synthesis of, produce a synthesis, synthesis of evidence
“The final chapter offers a synthesis of the three case studies, drawing one overall conclusion.”
synthesis chainnoun phrasecourse term
an explicit sequence of idea → relationship → idea → relationship → refined understanding, used to build a combined meaning one link at a time (সংশ্লেষণ শৃঙ্খল)
Often with build a synthesis chain, use a synthesis chain, synthesis chain of
“Write a synthesis chain: idea, relationship, idea, relationship, refined understanding.”
Appears in Lesson 86
synthesis judgmentnoun phrasecourse term
a conclusion formed by weighing multiple pieces of evidence together, signalled by phrases like 'taken together' or 'on balance' (সমন্বিত সিদ্ধান্ত)
Often with make a synthesis judgment, reach a synthesis judgment, synthesis judgment on
“Taken together, the three audits support one synthesis judgment: controls were weak.”
Appears in Lesson 71
synthesis matrixnoun phrasetechnical
a note-taking grid that records a text's topic, claim, evidence, limitation, and final position side by side (সংশ্লেষণ ম্যাট্রিক্স)
Often with build a synthesis matrix, use a synthesis matrix, synthesis matrix of
“A synthesis matrix records each source's claim, evidence, and limitation side by side.”
Appears in Lesson 86
tagverbneutral
to attach a short label to something right after stating it (চিহ্নিত করা)
Often with tag a statement, tag as, tag with
“After each statement I tag it: 'That is a fact', or 'That is my opinion'.”
Appears in Drill 77
take for grantedphraseneutral
to accept something as true without examining or questioning it (পরীক্ষা না করে সত্য ধরে নেওয়া)
Often with take it for granted, taken for granted, easily taken for granted
“The plan takes for granted that every supplier will deliver on time, which the record does not justify.”
Appears in Lesson 31
taken togetherphraseformal
considering several separate pieces of evidence jointly, to reach one combined interpretation (সব মিলিয়ে বিবেচনা করলে)
Often with taken together, the findings, taken together these results
“Taken together, the three audits point to weak controls in the billing process.”
tangentnounneutral
a sentence that relates loosely to the topic but does not actually support the main idea (মূল বিষয় থেকে বিচ্যুতি)
Often with go off on a tangent, tangent from, brief tangent
“A sentence about office parking is a tangent in a report on gate delays.”
taxonomynountechnical
a systematic, hierarchical classification of concepts or categories (শ্রেণিবিন্যাসবিদ্যা)
Often with a taxonomy of, develop a taxonomy, classification taxonomy
“The regulator developed a taxonomy of incident types, from minor spills to major fires.”
Appears in Lesson 57
tendencynounformal
a general pattern of behaving or happening a certain way, without being universal (প্রবণতা)
Often with a tendency to, growing tendency, general tendency
“Newer clerks show a tendency to skip the second check when the queue is long.”
the extent to whichphraseformal
how much, or how far, something is true — leaving the actual degree an open question (কতটা পরিমাণে)
Often with the extent to which, determine the extent to which, depend on the extent to which
“The audit will assess the extent to which the terminal complies with the new safety rules.”
the normal pathphrasecourse term
the sequence of steps that happens when nothing goes wrong (স্বাভাবিক পথ)
Often with follow the normal path, the normal path through, describe the normal path
“Describe the normal path first, then explain what happens when a step fails.”
Appears in Task 54
therebyadverbformal
by that means; as a result of the action just described (এর মাধ্যমে/ফলে)
Often with thereby reducing, thereby allowing, thereby ensuring
“The terminal introduced pre-booking, thereby cutting average truck waiting time by half.”
Appears in Lesson 24
thesisnounformal
the specific position an author takes on their topic, as distinct from the topic itself (মূল বক্তব্য/থিসিস)
Often with central thesis, main thesis, defend a thesis
“The book's central thesis is that ports compete on reliability, not on price.”
thesis refinementnoun phraseformal
the process by which a book's central claim becomes progressively more precise and conditional across successive chapters (অভিসন্দর্ভের পরিমার্জন)
Often with thesis refinement, gradual thesis refinement, thesis refinement across
“Thesis refinement is visible: a broad claim in chapter one becomes a conditional one by chapter six.”
Appears in Lesson 81
thinkverbneutral
to use your mind to form an opinion or work something out (চিন্তা করা)
Often with think carefully, think ahead, think about
“The duty officer asked the crew to think through the berthing sequence before the tide turned.”
Appears in Lesson 1
this does not meanphraseneutral
explicitly blocking a specific misreading of the preceding claim (এর অর্থ এই নয় যে)
Often with this does not mean that, but this does not mean, this does not necessarily mean
“Costs fell last quarter; this does not mean the problem is solved.”
Appears in Lesson 51
threadnounneutral
a single idea or theme that runs through a longer piece of writing (সূত্র/ধারাবাহিকতা)
Often with a thread of, follow the thread, thread through
“A single thread, reliability, runs through the whole report.”
three-level evaluationnoun phrasecourse term
judging separately whether the evidence is reliable, whether it supports the claim, and whether the conclusion is justified (ত্রি-স্তরীয় মূল্যায়ন)
Often with a three-level evaluation, carry out a three-level evaluation, three-level evaluation of
“A three-level evaluation checks the evidence, the claim it supports, and the final conclusion in turn.”
Appears in Lesson 84
thresholdnounformal
the minimum level something must reach before a particular outcome or judgment applies (সীমারেখা/প্রান্তসীমা)
Often with reach a threshold, exceed the threshold, threshold for
“Any transaction above the fifty-thousand-dollar threshold triggers an automatic compliance review.”
Appears in Lesson 29
throughputnountechnical
the amount of work or data a system can process in a given period (কার্যক্ষমতা/প্রক্রিয়াকরণ হার)
Often with high throughput, terminal throughput, maximum throughput
“The terminal's throughput reached two million containers a year.”
Appears in Lesson 53
timeframenounformal
the period of time a statement refers to (সময়কাল)
Often with within the timeframe, realistic timeframe, set a timeframe
“The team agreed on a realistic timeframe of six weeks for the upgrade.”
Appears in Drill 5
tonenounformal
the attitude or emotional/intellectual manner an author expresses toward their subject (মনোভাব/সুর)
Often with formal tone, adopt a tone, measured tone
“The regulator's letter adopted a firm but courteous tone.”
Appears in Lesson 35
topicnounneutral
the person, thing, or idea a sentence or paragraph is centrally about (বিষয়)
Often with main topic, topic of, topic sentence
“The topic of the memo is the proposed change to weekend shift patterns.”
Appears in Lesson 25
topic progressionnoun phrasetechnical
the pattern by which a paragraph's subject develops from sentence to sentence — linearly, constantly, or by splitting (বিষয় অগ্রগতি)
Often with linear topic progression, constant topic progression, pattern of topic progression
“The memo shows linear topic progression: each sentence takes its subject from the end of the previous one.”
topic shiftnoun phrasetechnical
a paragraph's move from one sub-topic to a related but distinct one, often marked by a contrastive connector (বিষয় পরিবর্তন)
Often with signal a topic shift, sudden topic shift, marked topic shift
“The word 'however' signals a topic shift from the benefits to the risks.”
Appears in Lesson 47
trackernountechnical
an independent system or organization that monitors and measures something over time (পর্যবেক্ষক সংস্থা)
Often with independent tracker, cargo tracker, performance tracker
“An independent tracker records vessel delays at every port.”
Appears in Drill 75
trade-offnounneutral
a balance between a benefit and a cost, where gaining one typically means giving up some of the other (লাভ-ক্ষতির ভারসাম্য)
Often with trade-off between, make a trade-off, difficult trade-off
“There is a trade-off between speed and safety when loading dangerous goods.”
Appears in Lesson 27, Lesson 53, Lesson 63, Task 27, Task 60, Task 65, Drill 63
transformverbformal
to change something completely, often for the better (রূপান্তর করা)
Often with transform the way, radically transform, transform into
“Digital twins are transforming how terminals plan yard operations.”
Appears in Lesson 18
transition sentencenoun phrasetechnical
a sentence that closes one idea while opening the next, bridging two paragraphs or sections rather than belonging entirely to either (স্থানান্তর বাক্য)
Often with a transition sentence, use a transition sentence, transition sentence between
“The transition sentence, 'Cost is only half the picture', closes the finance section and opens the safety one.”
Appears in Lesson 79
triangulationnountechnical
using several different kinds or sources of evidence to check whether they point toward the same conclusion (বহুমুখী যাচাই)
Often with data triangulation, use triangulation, triangulation of
“The auditors used triangulation, comparing invoices, gate logs, and driver interviews to verify the delay.”
triggerverbneutral
to cause a sudden, often immediate, reaction or event (তাৎক্ষণিকভাবে ঘটানো)
Often with trigger an alert, trigger a response, trigger a chain reaction
“A single failed login attempt from an unknown location can trigger a security review.”
Appears in Lesson 24, Lesson 54, Lesson 58, Lesson 62, Task 54, Drill 58
triggeredverbformal
directly caused something to start happening (সূচনা ঘটানো)
Often with triggered by, triggered a review, directly triggered
“The failed audit triggered a full regulatory review.”
Appears in Task 62
trustnounneutral
firm belief in the reliability of someone or something (বিশ্বাস)
Often with build trust, trust in, lose trust
“Reliable delivery builds trust between the terminal and its customers.”
Appears in Task 17
turnverbneutral
to move in a circle or change direction (ঘোরা)
Often with turn left, turn around, turn towards
“The trucks turn left at the scale house and queue for the inspection lane.”
Appears in Drill 1
turning pointnoun phraseneutral
a point in a text, often marked by however or nevertheless, where the argument's direction shifts (মোড় পরিবর্তনের বিন্দু)
Often with a turning point, mark a turning point, critical turning point
“The word 'however' in paragraph four marks the turning point from problem to solution.”
type-of relationshipnoun phrasecourse term
a category (IS-A) relationship, in which one thing is a kind or member of a broader class (ধরন-সম্পর্ক)
Often with a type-of relationship, express a type-of relationship, type-of relationship between
“'A reefer is a type of container' states a type-of relationship, not a part-whole one.”
Appears in Lesson 61
unambiguousadjectiveformal
having only one possible, clearly intended meaning (দ্ব্যর্থহীন)
Often with unambiguous wording, clear and unambiguous, unambiguous instruction
“The contract must use unambiguous wording about who pays for storage.”
Appears in Task 36
uncountableadjectivetechnical
a noun with no plural form, treated as a mass rather than individual units (অগণনীয়)
Often with uncountable noun, treat as uncountable, uncountable form
“'Information' is uncountable, so we write 'some information', never 'an information'.”
Appears in Task 6
under time pressurephraseneutral
while forced to respond quickly, with little time to plan (সময়ের চাপে)
Often with work under time pressure, respond under time pressure, decide under time pressure
“Under time pressure, keep the hedge short: 'probably, because...'.”
Appears in Drill 85
underclaimnoun / verbformal
a conclusion stated more cautiously than strong, well-replicated evidence would actually justify (স্বল্প দাবি)
Often with underclaim the results, tendency to underclaim, risk of underclaiming
“The report underclaims, saying results 'may suggest' a link despite three replicated studies.”
Appears in Lesson 84
undercutverbformal
to weaken an argument or claim, often unintentionally (দুর্বল করা)
Often with undercut the argument, undercut a claim, be undercut by
“A single counterexample can undercut a universal claim.”
Appears in Drill 78
underlyingadjectiveformal
forming the true, often hidden, basis of something rather than its immediate or visible cause (অন্তর্নিহিত/মূল)
Often with underlying cause, underlying problem, underlying trend
“The underlying cause of the outage was an expired security certificate.”
Appears in Lesson 24
underlying assumptionnoun phraseformal
an unstated idea beneath the surface of an argument, on which the argument's logic depends (অন্তর্নিহিত অনুমান)
Often with challenge the underlying assumption, hidden underlying assumption, flawed underlying assumption
“The underlying assumption of the forecast is that fuel prices will not rise, and the whole budget depends on it.”
Appears in Lesson 31
undermineverbformal
to weaken the strength or credibility of an argument or conclusion (দুর্বল/ক্ষুণ্ণ করা)
Often with undermine confidence, seriously undermine, undermine the argument
“The discovery of duplicate invoices undermined the credibility of the entire audit.”
Appears in Lesson 33
understandverbneutral
to grasp what something means or how it works (বোঝা)
Often with understand the requirements, fully understand, understand why
“Before signing the charter party, the operations manager wanted to understand exactly who paid for demurrage.”
unintended consequencenoun phraseformal
an unplanned, often unexpected effect of a solution, separate from the benefit it was designed to produce (অনভিপ্রেত ফলাফল)
Often with unintended consequences, risk of unintended consequences, unforeseen and unintended
“An unintended consequence of the parking ban was more trucks queuing on the public road.”
Appears in Lesson 63
uninterruptedadjectiveformal
continuing without being stopped or broken (অবিচ্ছিন্ন)
Often with uninterrupted flow, uninterrupted power, uninterrupted speech
“The backup generator ensures uninterrupted power to the refrigerated containers.”
Appears in Drill 20
uniqueadjectiveformal
being the only one of its kind (অদ্বিতীয়/একক)
Often with unique opportunity, unique identifier, uniquely positioned
“Every shipment is assigned a unique reference number that follows it from origin to delivery.”
Appears in Lesson 6
universal claimnoun phraseformal
a claim asserted to hold in every case, without exception, as distinct from a general tendency (সার্বিক দাবি)
Often with a universal claim, make a universal claim, challenge a universal claim
“'All ports are inefficient' is a universal claim, and a single efficient port disproves it.”
Appears in Lesson 69
unloadverbneutral
to remove cargo from a ship, truck, or container (খালাস করা)
Often with unload cargo, unload a vessel, unload a truck
“Crews began to unload the vessel as soon as it reached the berth.”
Appears in Task 12
unpack a sentencephraseneutral
to break a dense, compressed sentence down into its separate, plainly stated ideas (বাক্যকে খুলে বোঝা)
Often with unpack the sentence, unpack a claim, unpack the meaning
“To understand the clause, unpack it first into its separate ideas: who acted, what happened, and why.”
Appears in Lesson 41
unreliableadjectiveneutral
not able to be trusted to be accurate or consistent (অবিশ্বাস্য/অনির্ভরযোগ্য)
Often with unreliable data, prove unreliable, unreliable source
“The audit rejected the survey because the response rate was low and the sample data proved unreliable.”
Appears in Lesson 12
unwarrantedadjectiveformal
not justified by the evidence or reasoning actually given (অযৌক্তিক/অসমর্থিত)
Often with unwarranted assumption, unwarranted conclusion, entirely unwarranted
“The claim that the strike caused the recession is an unwarranted leap from the evidence.”
Appears in Lesson 33
up tophraseneutral
stating a maximum possible amount, not a typical or average result (সর্বোচ্চ পর্যন্ত)
Often with up to fifty percent, save up to, up to a maximum of
“Shippers could save up to fifteen percent, but the typical saving was closer to five.”
Appears in Lesson 55
upgradenounneutral
an improvement to an existing system (উন্নতিসাধন)
Often with system upgrade, major upgrade, upgrade to
“The terminal's upgrade to a new operating system took a weekend.”
Appears in Task 23
urgentadjectiveneutral
needing attention or action very soon (জরুরি)
Often with urgent action, urgent request, extremely urgent
“The email is marked urgent because the vessel sails tonight.”
Appears in Task 48
utilizationnountechnical
the degree to which a resource, such as a vehicle or a machine, is actually used relative to its capacity (ব্যবহারযোগ্যতার হার)
Often with crane utilization, utilization rate, improve utilization
“Crane utilization rose from sixty to seventy-five percent after the schedule was revised.”
Appears in Lesson 32
vagueadjectiveneutral
having an unclear or imprecise boundary of meaning, without necessarily being ambiguous (অস্পষ্ট/অনির্দিষ্ট)
Often with vague statement, deliberately vague, vague promise
“The supplier's promise of delivery 'soon' was too vague to include in the contract.”
Appears in Lesson 36
validitynountechnical
the property of a measurement actually measuring what it claims to measure, as distinct from being merely consistent (বৈধতা)
Often with test validity, high validity, threat to validity
“The survey lacks validity because it measures satisfaction only among customers who stayed.”
Appears in Lesson 65
value for moneynoun phraseneutral
the quality or benefit received relative to the price paid, distinct from low price alone (মূল্যের বিপরীতে মান)
Often with good value for money, offer value for money, poor value for money
“The council judged the bid to offer better value for money than the cheaper alternative.”
Appears in Lesson 65
value judgmentnoun phraseformal
a statement about whether something is good, bad, right, or wrong (মূল্যবোধভিত্তিক রায়)
Often with make a value judgment, a value judgment about, avoid a value judgment
“Calling the policy 'unfair' is a value judgment, not a fact.”
Appears in Task 77
verdictnounformal
a judgment reached after weighing evidence (রায়/সিদ্ধান্ত)
Often with deliver a verdict, reach a verdict, final verdict
“My verdict on the evidence: not enough to conclude yet.”
Appears in Drill 74
verifiableadjectiveformal
able to be checked and confirmed as true or false (যাচাইযোগ্য)
Often with verifiable fact, easily verifiable, independently verifiable
“The delivery date is a verifiable fact; 'a poor service' is not.”
Appears in Task 77
verifyverbformal
to check that something is true or accurate (যাচাই করা)
Often with verify identity, verify the data, independently verify
“Clerks must verify every container number against the bill of lading before releasing cargo.”
Appears in Lesson 13
viaprepositionformal
through, or by means of, a specific stated pathway (মাধ্যমে)
Often with via, sent via, delivered via
“The data reach the control room via a secure link.”
Appears in Task 58
volatilitynounformal
the degree to which a value fluctuates, independent of whether its overall level is high or low (অস্থিরতা)
Often with price volatility, market volatility, high volatility
“Fuel price volatility makes long-term freight contracts hard to price.”
Appears in Lesson 56
vulnerabilitynounformal
a susceptibility to harm or negative impact from a particular risk, distinct from a claim that the harm has occurred (ঝুঁকিপ্রবণতা)
Often with vulnerability to, security vulnerability, expose a vulnerability
“The audit exposed a vulnerability in the port's payment system.”
Appears in Lesson 66
walk throughphrasal verbneutral
to explain something step by step (ধাপে ধাপে বুঝিয়ে দেওয়া)
Often with walk through a process, walk through the steps, walk someone through
“Let me walk you through what happens when a container arrives.”
Appears in Drill 54
warrantverbformal
to justify or provide adequate grounds for a claim or conclusion (যথেষ্ট কারণ/সমর্থন দেওয়া)
Often with warrant investigation, warrant attention, hardly warrant
“The number of complaints was high enough to warrant a full review of the process.”
Appears in Lesson 29
weighverbneutral
to measure how heavy something is (ওজন করা)
Often with weigh the container, weigh the options, weigh carefully
“Every container is weighed at the gate before it is loaded.”
Appears in Drill 13
weighted criterianoun phrasetechnical
an evaluation in which some criteria are explicitly treated as more important than others, rather than counted equally (ভারযুক্ত মানদণ্ড)
Often with use weighted criteria, apply weighted criteria, scoring with weighted criteria
“The bids were scored using weighted criteria, with safety counting twice as much as price.”
Appears in Lesson 65
what matters isphraseneutral
a spoken phrase that directly names the most important point (যা গুরুত্বপূর্ণ তা হলো)
Often with what matters is, but what matters is, what really matters is
“What matters is reliability, not price.”
Appears in Drill 70
whereasconjunctionformal
introduces a clean, two-sided contrast between two things (যেখানে/অথচ)
Often with whereas, contrast with whereas, whereas the other
“Port A is fast, whereas Port B is cheap.”
with respect tophraseformal
regarding one specific dimension only, without implying anything about other dimensions (নির্দিষ্ট বিষয়ে)
Often with with respect to safety, with respect to cost, with respect to the contract
“With respect to cost, Option B is cheaper; with respect to speed, Option A is faster.”
worst-case scenarionoun phraseneutral
the least favourable plausible outcome under adverse assumptions, one end of a forecast's stated range (সবচেয়ে খারাপ সম্ভাব্য পরিস্থিতি)
Often with in a worst-case scenario, plan for the worst-case scenario, worst-case scenario of
“In the worst-case scenario, the terminal would lose two weeks of throughput.”
Appears in Lesson 66
worthadjectiveneutral
deserving of, or good enough to justify, something (usually time, effort, or money) (মূল্যবান/যোগ্য)
Often with worth the effort, worth considering, be worth
“The extra inspection was worth the delay because it found a leak.”
Appears in Drill 20